general formula Cn Hun , OH functional
groups attached prefix
where
naming more
=
use
: : =
"
↳ other f- UNC G take
suffix : -
ol prefix hydroxy: -
. .
priority
functional
group hydroxyl g. R OH
:
-
classification ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS
Br
R -
-
chain of carbons on
-
C chain with -
OH i
-
O"
PRIMARY 119
R, -
¢ -
H
NO aromatic NO double bonds
IR C where OH is
group attached to
'
ring;
-
a
-
-
a
pit
SECONDARY 129 f b bond
IR groups attached to C where OH is cyclic planar structures with IT
" Rr
benzene
- -
-
- -
-
H
,
!
"
TERTIARY 139 =3 R
groups attached to C where OH is k -
R.
" AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -
PHENOLS
aromatic alcohols where the OH attached
summary is
-
OH
41-13
a nonaromatic hydrocarbons contain hydroxyl directly to the
ring
'
-
i group roti
l l l l
be 1420130 determined other bonds benzene
by how many ring
-
=
can
-
-
- = -
the C with -
OH attached has
-
NOT BASES -
the OH doesn't dissociate like base
-
molecular compounds
PROPERTIES 1.
volatility & BPT
bond
K) at
temperature 19h09 hydrogen bonding BPT
length ti BPT
"
room
:
chain T
-
-
-
"
-
high BPT
"
I
,
-
!
f
-
i
- - - - -
Hirota .
"
-
HIGH BPT & MPT Lamore IME i harder to overcome
strong IMF branched chains lower BPT
-
' -
-
with tho ↳ can't pack
can mix
densely ; less IMF
-
1.
solubility
-
decreases with alcohol length -
influence of
Hydrogen bonds
-
lower RMM alcohols are miscible with tho
3. solvents
dissolve number of
large org, molecules
-
SHAPE OF ALCOHOL GROUP
H
"
-
O atom has
bonding pairs
2 and I lone pairs i -
H -
C -
p:
the repulsion strength between bonding pairs less than between LP and BP
-
is '
H
angle between the bonds
-
an
, 3.3.5 .
ALCOHOLS
CHEM PROPERTIES .
-
O has 2 LP
BASES Lewis bases :
are lone pair up) donors NUCLEOPHILE :
alcohols use the LP to attack electron
Bronsted
'
deficient centres
lowry bases p acceptors
-
-
are
-
alcohols use 1 of LP to form co ordinate bond -
USES OF ALCOHOLS
ethanol drinks methanol solvent ; petrol additive combustion of petrol
improves
-
solvents -
industrial alcohol raw material -
industrial processes feedstock
BIOFUELS -
petrol substitute BIOFUEL
BIOFUELS
-
-
fuel made from biomass combustion of alcohols
plant using W El H2O during photosynthesis to produce CH , CHAH t 30 →
1W t 3 HD
-
,
sugar . ,
plant l : sugars) go through fermentation to make ethanol
-
when the fuel burnt exothermic reaction of GHS OH to releases
energy
-
;
denatured alcohol ethanol that has been made toxic and undrinkable addition of other chemical additives
by
-
-
(meths) 901 etamd lot methanol
traditional additive methanol which formed
methylated spirits
-
:
,
.
.
-
useful as portable fuel
)
'
HIDDEN 02 RELEASE (THEY R NOT C NEUTRAL -
DEATH
CQ
-
- -
Yo
absorbed
-
-
w, released
- ,
energy required at diff stages burning fossil fuels
, > -
,
/ PLANTS
/ y
V
>
plant growth :
fertilisers ; pesticides (production require E pollution) -
-
planting & harvesting & transport
/
FUEL BURNT IN CARS FUEL MANUFACTURE machines require fossil fuel
"a > :
-
reactions : > fractional distillation of GHS OH -
requires E
6 Ah 6 H2O Cohn Oo 60 , transportation of fuel to fuel pumps
'
-
t → t s -
requires E
↳
glucose produced = PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-
Cott noo →
I C , Hs OH t 2W , ISSUES WITH BIOFUEL RAW MATERIAL
I, FERMENTATION of glucose to produce ethanol although crops are renewable issues where it's grown
-
- →
AHHH 30 I 3 tho climate weather ; trees cut down ;
W, time to
long
t → t
grow
- -
,
↳ COMBUSTION of ethanol to produce energy
-
land used for crops = used for fuel production
add equations together
-
:
Y g q released
of
used in
production glucose
, -
2 fermentation , h combustion
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