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Samenvatting Plantkunde
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Samenvatting cursus plantkunde, staan ook veel foto's in vandaar dat het snel al een hele grote samenvatting wordt :)
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InhoudsopgavePlantkunde ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Hoofdstuk 1: Belang van planten voor de mens.................................................................................................. 4
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Planten als voedsel .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Psychoactieve planten en genotmiddelen ....................................................................................................... 6
4. Geneesachtige planten .................................................................................................................................... 7
5. Oneetbare planten: planten en techniek ......................................................................................................... 8
6. Oneetbare planten: sierplanten ....................................................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 2 Plantensystematiek........................................................................................................................ 9
1. Evolutie: een korte historiek ............................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 Classificatie ................................................................................................................................................. 11
2. Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
3. Plantensystematiek en biodiversiteit in de 21st eeuw ................................................................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 3: Wieren = algen ........................................................................................................................... 15
1. Indeling.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
2. De geselwieren – Euglenophyta..................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Bouw van type: oogwiertje (Euglena viridis) ................................................................................................ 16
2.3 voortplanting (oogwiertje) .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Voeding ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.5 waterhuishouding ....................................................................................................................................... 18
2.6 Voorkomen en andere Euglenophyta .......................................................................................................... 18
3. De roodwieren – Rhodophyta ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.1 Algemene kenmerken .................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Bouw van een type: Iers mos (Chondrus crispus) ......................................................................................... 19
3.3 voortplanting ............................................................................................................................................... 19
3.4 Voorkomen .................................................................................................................................................. 19
4. De bruinwieren-Phaeophyta .......................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Algemene kenmerken .................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2 Bouw en type: blaaswier (Fucus vesiculosus) ............................................................................................... 20
4.3 Voortplanting .............................................................................................................................................. 21
4.4 voorkomen .................................................................................................................................................. 21
5. De groenwieren – Chlorophyta ...................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 Algemene kenmerken .................................................................................................................................. 21
, 5.2 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 Voortplanting .............................................................................................................................................. 22
5.4 Voorkomen .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Hoofdstuk 4: Lagere landplanten ..................................................................................................................... 23
1. Evolutie van landplanten ............................................................................................................................... 23
2. Mossen – Bryophyta ...................................................................................................................................... 24
2.1 Algemene kenmerken en classificatie .......................................................................................................... 24
2.2 De voortplantingscyclus .............................................................................................................................. 25
2.3 Ecologie van de mossen............................................................................................................................... 26
3. Varenplanten – Pteridophyta ........................................................................................................................ 27
3.1 Algemene kenmerken .................................................................................................................................. 27
3.2 Voorkomen ............................................................................................................................................... 27
3.3 Voortplantingscyclus ................................................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 5= Zaadplanten .............................................................................................................................. 29
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
2. De naaktzadigen Gymnospermae.................................................................................................................. 29
2.3 De naaldbomen – Pinophyta (Coniferophyta) .............................................................................................. 30
2.3.1 Bouw en een type: de grove den (Pinus sylvestris) .............................................................................. 30
3. De bedektzadige of bloemplanten – Angiospermae ...................................................................................... 34
3.1 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2 Voortplanting .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Hoofdstuk 6: Cytologie .................................................................................................................................... 36
1. De cel als basiseenheid .................................................................................................................................. 36
2. Bouw van de eukaryoten cel .......................................................................................................................... 36
2.1 Membranen ............................................................................................................................................ 37
2.2 De celwand ............................................................................................................................................. 37
2.3 Cytosol .................................................................................................................................................... 38
2.4 Organellen .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Hoofdstuk 7: Anatomie ................................................................................................................................... 41
1. Algemene indeling ......................................................................................................................................... 41
2. Meristeemweefsel of ongedifferentieerd weefsel .......................................................................................... 41
3. Gedifferentieerde of permanente weefsels .................................................................................................... 43
3.1 Grondweefsel.......................................................................................................................................... 44
3.2 Dekweefsel ............................................................................................................................................. 44
3.3 klierweefsel ............................................................................................................................................. 45
3.4 Transportweefsel .................................................................................................................................... 46
3.6 Steunweefsel .......................................................................................................................................... 47
4. Weefsel in verband: hoofd organen............................................................................................................... 48
4.1 Wortel ......................................................................................................................................................... 48
4.1.1 Inwendige bouw .................................................................................................................................. 48
4.1.2 Secundaire diktegroei .......................................................................................................................... 49
, 4.2 Stengel ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
4.2.1 Inwendige bouw .................................................................................................................................. 49
4.2.2 Secundaire diktegroei .......................................................................................................................... 50
4.5 blad ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
Hoofdstuk 8: morfologie .................................................................................................................................. 53
1. Wortel ........................................................................................................................................................... 53
1.2 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 53
1.3 Types ........................................................................................................................................................... 54
1.4 functies ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
1.5 Omgevormde wortels .................................................................................................................................. 55
2. De stengel...................................................................................................................................................... 56
2.2 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
2.3 Indeling........................................................................................................................................................ 57
2.4 Levensduur .................................................................................................................................................. 58
2.5 Groei............................................................................................................................................................ 58
2.6 Functies ....................................................................................................................................................... 58
2.7 Omgevormde stengels ................................................................................................................................. 59
3. Het blad ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1. Bouw, vorm en nerveatuur ......................................................................................................................... 60
3.2.1 Bouw .................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.2.2 Vorm .................................................................................................................................................... 60
Bladpolymorfisme ......................................................................................................................................... 61
3.2.3 Nervatuur ............................................................................................................................................. 61
3.3 Bladrand ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
3.5 Bladval......................................................................................................................................................... 62
3.6 Functies ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
3.7 Omgevormde bladeren ................................................................................................................................ 62
4. De bloem ....................................................................................................................................................... 63
4.2 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.5 bloemvormen ...................................................................................................................................... 66
4.2.6 bloemformule en bloem diagram ........................................................................................................ 66
4.3 Functie ......................................................................................................................................................... 67
5. De vrucht ....................................................................................................................................................... 69
5.2 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 69
5.3 Soorten ........................................................................................................................................................ 69
5.4 Ontwikkeling van de vrucht ......................................................................................................................... 70
5.5 Functie ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
5.6 Afwijkingen en bijzonderheden .................................................................................................................... 70
6. Het zaad ........................................................................................................................................................ 71
6.2 Bouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 71
6.3 Soorten zaden ............................................................................................................................................. 71
, 6.4 Kieming ....................................................................................................................................................... 72
6.5 Verspreiding van zaden en vruchten ............................................................................................................ 72
Hoofdstuk 9: Fysiologie ................................................................................................................................... 73
1. Fotosynthese ................................................................................................................................................. 73
1.1 Chlorofyl ...................................................................................................................................................... 73
1.2 het fotosynthese proces .............................................................................................................................. 74
2. transport van stoffen ..................................................................................................................................... 75
2.1 Transport op niveau van de cel .................................................................................................................... 75
2.1.1 Passief transport .................................................................................................................................. 75
2.1.1.3 Osmotische verschijnselen ................................................................................................................ 76
2.1.2 Actief transport .................................................................................................................................... 76
...................................................................................................................................................................... 77
2.1.3 Osmotische verschijnselen in plantencellen ........................................................................................ 77
2.2 Transport op niveau van het organisme ...................................................................................................... 78
3. Metabolisme ................................................................................................................................................. 79
3.2 Het gebruik van de energie .......................................................................................................................... 80
3.3 omzetting, opslag en afbraak van stofwisselingsproducten ........................................................................ 80
3.4 Groei en ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................. 81
4. Beweging bij planten ..................................................................................................................................... 81
Hoofdstuk 10: Voortplanting (fotos powerpoint) .............................................................................................. 83
1. De cellen vermeerderen zich .......................................................................................................................... 83
2. De celcyclus ................................................................................................................................................... 83
2.1 De mitose .................................................................................................................................................... 85
2.1.2 Betekenis mitose.................................................................................................................................. 86
2.2 De meiose .................................................................................................................................................... 87
2.2.2.1 Meiose 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 87
2.2.2.2 MeioseII ............................................................................................................................................ 88
2.2.3 Meiose versus mitose ............................................................................................................................... 89
2.2.4 De plaats van de meiose in de levenscyclus .............................................................................................. 89
Plantkunde
Hoofdstuk 1: Belang van planten voor de mens
1. Inleiding
Zonder planten
- geen leven mogelijk
- zorgen voor zuurstof, schone lucht, schoon water, gezond voedsel
- primaire bron voor voedsel
,Problemen filmpje PowerPoint over bomen goed bekijken
- grote voedselbehoefte => overbevolking -> voedsel te kort
- energievoorziening raakt op => uitputting fossiele brandstoffen, alternatieve -> zonne-
energie, windenergie, water-en bio-energie
Werking plant
- contact met de wereld => bladeren + wortels -> bladeren hebben huidmondjes -> CO2 in en
O2 uit, verdampen schoon water
wortels -> water opnemen en afvalstoffen zuiveren.
Belang fotosynthese
- zonder = geen zuurstof
- is het aanmaken van zuurstof door middel van water,
koolstofdioxide en bladgroenkorrels
2. Planten als voedsel
Leveranciers van bouwstoffen
- koolhydraten/suikers/sachariden => in suikerriet en suikerbiet opgeslagen, geven energie.
=> aanbod = behoefte als A>B dan is er overmaat, als A<B dan is er te kort
- eiwitten => bron van proteïnen, worden afgebroken tot aminozuren, bron: granen, bonen,
erwten, sojabonen, geven energie
- vetten/lipiden => in noten, geven energie
- Mineralen => hoofdelementen -> hoge behoefte, spoorelementen -> lage behoefte
- Vitaminen => in vet oplosbare -> ADEK, niet dagelijks nodig, in wateroplosbare -> wel
dagelijks nodig
- vezels/ballastoffen => zorgen voor verzadiging
Opslag assimilatie producten
- koolhydraten
- grote hoeveelheid reservestof: verdikte delen
- tweejarige planten: onder grond
- overblijvende planten: de ondergrondse delen overwinteren
- zaden: zetmeelkorrels of oliën
- vruchten: glucose en fructose
- wortels suikerbiet, suikerriet: sacharose
- vetten
- druppels in het cytoplasma: zaden van koolzaad, vlas
- eiwitten
- aleuronkorrels in het cytoplasma: zaad is droog
- vacuolevocht: als aleuronkorrel vochtig wordt
Verschillende type voedselplanten
- zetmeelplanten => granen, rijst, haver
- eiwitplanten => witte/bruine bonen, sojaboon
, - olieplanten => zonnebloem, koolzaad
- smakelijke planten => groenten, citrusvruchten
3. Psychoactieve planten en genotmiddelen
Euforiserend
- een gevoel van lichamelijk en geestelijk welbehagen
Stimulerend
- een verhoging brengend in het bewustzijn van het lichaamelijk prestaite vermogen en de
geestelijke alerdheid
Hallucinogeen
- verandering brengend in het bewust zijn en in de beleving van ruimte en tijd, illusies en
fantastische voorstelling oproepend
Narcotisch
- bewustzijnverlagend, verdovend
Alkaloïden
- organische verbindingen die stikstof, koolstof, waterstof, zuurstof bevatten
- werken primair op het zenuwstelsel
- bittere smaakt schrikt herbivoren af
- bij de mens zeer toxische effecten
- werkt stimulerend, remmend op de parasympathisch zenuwstelsel
- pijnstillend, kalmeringsmiddel, hallucinatorisch
- planten die dit bevatten => wolfskers -> atropine verlamd de spieren
echte valeriaan -> kalmeringsmiddel, blauwe monikskap -> acotinine is pijnstillend maar zeer
gifitg
Atropine
- alle organen van de wolfskers, zaden doornappel
- maakt pupil zeer groot, word gebruikt bij hartritmestoornissen, invloed op parasympatisch
zenuwstelsel
Cafeïne
- theebladeren, koffiebonen
- versnelt de hartwerking, stimuleert de alertheid, verhoging van de bloeddruk
Kinine
- bast van chinchona
- dood malariaparasiet, koortswerend, in tonic
Nicotine
- bladeren van tabaksplant
- 16de eeuw tegen hoofdpijn, verslavend
Morfine
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