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1. Provide a critical definition of the concept “Secondary Victimisation” (5)
Secondary victimisation is the ill-informed, insensitive, blaming treatment of victims by
officials, friends, family, or the community. Secondary victimisation is also known as post
crime victimisation or double victimisation, and can often have an even greater effect on the
victim than the initial crime itself. Secondary victimisation often starts when the victim
reports the crime to the police. An example of secondary victimisation by an official would
be when a rape victim reports the rape at the police station, and is faced with disbelief that the
crime occurred. An example of secondary victimisation by friends, family members, or the
community would be when the victim’s parents make statements such as “What did you
expect would happen if you walked alone at night while wearing such revealing clothes?”
2. Explain what internet exploitation and youth internet victimisation is for vulnerable
children who are victimised by predators. (10)
Virtual violence refers to violence that is not physically experienced, but can have a lasting
psycho-social effect. Virtual violence in entertainment includes television, music, film, video,
computer games, and the internet. Virtual violence is exacerbated by children accessing
internet sites that are age inappropriate, such as pornography websites and websites that
promote hate and violence; children being misled and bombarded with intense advertising;
children being lured into providing personal and household information to strangers; and the
ease with which bullies can get hold of their victims.
The internet does not only contribute to the victimisation of young children, but can also
facilitate crimes and antisocial behaviour, including sexual solicitation, unwanted exposure to
sexual material, and harassment. The internet provides sexual predators with the perfect
medium through which to find victims. Predators slowly “groom” their victims by
befriending them, sharing personal information, and even by giving gifts. Once the
child/teenager trusts the predator, he/she can be coerced into meeting and engaging in sexual
acts.
3. Describe the various types of domestic violence in a violent/abusive family context
(15)
Physical abuse:
, Physical abuse is the use of force or threat of force that may result in bodily injury, physical
pain, or impairment. Signs of physical abuse may be external (bruises, bleeding, wincing,
etc.), internal (bone fractures, bleeding, internal tissue or organ injuries, etc.), or both. Some
believe that “normal” acts of force (pushing, shoving, etc.) should be distinguished from
“abnormal” acts of violence (life-threatening abusive acts), although this separation might be
difficult to define.
Emotional abuse:
Emotional abuse is also known as emotional battering, psychological abuse, verbal abuse,
non-physical abuse, indirect abuse, psychological aggression, psychological maltreatment,
and mental or psychological torture. It is an ongoing process in which one individual
systematically diminishes and destroys the inner self (confidence, assertiveness, etc.) of
another. What is considered abuse is culturally determined, and varies from culture to culture.
Sexual abuse and rape:
Sexual violence includes the use of physical force to compel a person to engage in a sexual
act against their will, whether or not the act is completed. Sexual violence also includes any
attempted or completed sex act involving a person who is unable to understand the nature or
condition of the act, unable to decline participation, or unable to communicate unwillingness
to engage in the sexual act.
Sexual abuse is the use of another person’s sexuality for purposes other than mutually
consented procreation or the intended mutual sexual gratification of the parties involved,
regardless of gender.
Rape is regarded as gender neutral. Rape has been defined in the Sexual Offences Act as
follows: “Any person who intentionally and unlawfully compels, induces or causes another
person to commit such an act is guilty of the offence of rape.”
Economic abuse:
Economic abuse is when the abuser has complete control over the victim’s money
“allowance”, including the withholding of money at will and forcing the victim to beg for it
until the abuser relents and gives the victim some money. Invariably, the victim will receive
less money as the abuse continues. This also includes preventing the victim from finishing
his/her education or obtaining employment.
Spiritual abuse:
Spiritual abuse includes using the spouse/partner’s religious or spiritual beliefs to manipulate
them, preventing the partner from practicing their religious or spiritual beliefs, and ridiculing
the other person’s religious or spiritual beliefs.
4. Discuss the plight of male offenders in the prison system as victims within a
correctional context. (10)
Sexual violence in prisons contributes to continuing cycles of sexual and other forms of
violence, both in prison and when prisoners return to society.
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