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Samenvatting interculturele communicatie
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Samenvatting Interculturele communicatieInhoudsopgave
Week 1, college 1, hoofdstuk 1....................................................................................................................... 4
Small world experiment (Milgram 1967)........................................................................................................ 4
2012: Small world experiment 2.0........................................................................................................................4
McLuhan 1962 kwam met global village – wereld als dorp.................................................................................4
Twee betekenissen van het woord cultuur..................................................................................................... 5
Hoofdstuk 1 Interculturele communicatie...................................................................................................... 6
Niveaus van mentale programmering..................................................................................................................6
Soorten culturen:..................................................................................................................................................6
Verschillende aspecten culturele verschillen: Ook wel de Ui diagram.............................................................7
Week 1, college 2 communicatie.................................................................................................................... 8
Wat is communicatie?.................................................................................................................................... 8
Model Shannon & Weaver 1949...........................................................................................................................8
Modellen Communicatie.......................................................................................................................................8
Targowski & Bowman (1988) - Communicatiemodel...........................................................................................8
Deel 2: Multilagendeel van Targowski & Bowman..............................................................................................9
Bestaan Nationale culturen inderdaad?........................................................................................................ 10
Intercultureel onderzoek:............................................................................................................................. 11
Wat kan intercultureel onderzoek:............................................................................................................... 11
Zijn culturele kenmerken te verklaren door historische ontwikkelingen?..........................................................12
Niveaus van cultureel onderzoek................................................................................................................. 12
Week 2, college 1 Hoofdstuk 3 – blz 125-170................................................................................................13
1. Verbale (interculturele) communicatie...........................................................................................................13
Verbale-vocale (met stem/het is taal)...........................................................................................................13
Hypothese Sapir- Whorf.....................................................................................................................................14
2. Verbale non-vocale communicatie.................................................................................................................16
3. Non verbale communicatie.............................................................................................................................17
Vier soorten non verbale/ Sub categorieën..................................................................................................17
Non verbale vocale communicatie................................................................................................................17
4. Non verbale- non vocale communicatie.........................................................................................................18
Context van communicatie – verschillen in taal gebruik................................................................................20
Twee basiswaarden die samenhangen met hoge/lage context.....................................................................21
Beurtwisselingen, betoogvormen, presentatietechnieken............................................................................22
, Beleefdheidsvormen (Brown & Levinson 1987)..................................................................................................22
Beleefdheidstheorie Brown & Lewis...................................................................................................................22
Week 2, college 2 Artikel Wie is de ander? De representatie van Japan in het Nederlandse WID - Huisman,
Joye & Maeseele.......................................................................................................................................... 23
Stereotypering............................................................................................................................................. 24
Oriëntalisme................................................................................................................................................ 24
Resultaten:.....................................................................................................................................................25
Stereotypering....................................................................................................................................................25
Fasen in perceptieproces....................................................................................................................................26
Belangrijke functies stereotypen:.......................................................................................................................26
Het model van Bar Tal 1997: formation and change of stereotypes...............................................................27
Week 3, college 1 Artikel Kita – Cross-cultural variation of speech- accompanying gestures, a review...........29
Vier factoren voor variatie in gebaren (factors) tussen culturen in het artikel...............................................29
1. Conventies van vorm-betekenis associaties...................................................................................................29
2. Denken over ruimte........................................................................................................................................29
3. Talige variatie.................................................................................................................................................30
4. Pragmatische aspecten...................................................................................................................................31
Week 3, college 2 Hoofdstuk 2 Culturele categoriseren: basiswaarden deel 1...............................................31
Onderscheidingen Pinto & Pinto.........................................................................................................................32
Basiswaarden.....................................................................................................................................................32
Harvard Values project (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961)...................................................................................32
Basiswaarden van Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck.......................................................................................................33
Week 4 Basiswaarden deel 2........................................................................................................................ 35
Cultuurspecialisten.............................................................................................................................................39
Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck 1961 (Harvard Values Project)....................................................................................39
Basiswaarden + UITLEG................................................................................................................................ 40
Managementtheorie van McGregor 1960..........................................................................................................43
Week 5 college 1 Artikel Hornikx 2010......................................................................................................... 45
Standaardisatie:.................................................................................................................................................47
Adaptatie............................................................................................................................................................47
Onderzoeksvragen..............................................................................................................................................47
Resultaten...........................................................................................................................................................48
Artikel Hendriks 2005................................................................................................................................... 49
Verband tussen cultuur en communicatieve stijl, (hoe taal wordt gebruikt).....................................................50
4 dimensies:........................................................................................................................................................50
, Twee onderzoeksvragen:....................................................................................................................................50
Resultaten...........................................................................................................................................................51
Conclusie:............................................................................................................................................................52
Week 5, college 2 Hoofdstuk 6 omgaan met cultuurverschillen.....................................................................53
Zes kenmerken van menselijke relaties..............................................................................................................53
Theorieën over menselijke relaties............................................................................................................... 53
1. Similarity attraction paradigm (Byrne 1971)..................................................................................................53
2. Social exhange theory (Kelly & Thibault)........................................................................................................53
3. Social penetration theory (Altman & Taylor 1973).........................................................................................54
4. Anxiety/uncertainty management theory (Gudykunst 2004)........................................................................54
Vijf dimensies van relaties die kunnen variëren tussen culturen (Yum, 1988)................................................54
Onderzoek van Gareis et al 2011.................................................................................................................. 55
Interculturele competentie (elementen en concepten).................................................................................56
Claas & Gerritsen......................................................................................................................................... 56
Theorie van interculturele sensitiviteit (Bennet 1986, 1993).........................................................................56
IC op persoonlijk niveau: interculturele communicatieve competentie.............................................................56
Patronen van aanpassing............................................................................................................................. 57
Korte termijn migranten (werk, studie)..............................................................................................................57
Cultuurshock: mensen die voor een van tevoren bepaalde periode in het buitenland zijn,...............................57
Problemen met de W-curve................................................................................................................................58
Lange termijn migranten....................................................................................................................................59
Twee theorieën over aanpassing op lange termijn........................................................................................ 59
Cumulative progressive adaption (Kim 2001)....................................................................................................59
Plurastic typological adaption (Berry 2005).......................................................................................................59
Het effect van contact tussen bewoner gastland en migrant.........................................................................62
Voorbeelden Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey 1988.............................................................................................. 62
De Langhe et al. (2011)................................................................................................................................. 62
Mulken & Schellens (2012)........................................................................................................................... 63
Week 6- Artikel Berry................................................................................................................................... 63
Twee vormen dus van acculturatie............................................................................................................... 64
Culturele acculturatie:........................................................................................................................................64
Psychologische acculturatie................................................................................................................................64
Aanvullend artikel: Bakker, van der Zee & van oudenhoven.........................................................................66
, Resultaten...........................................................................................................................................................67
Aantekeningen week 6 college 2.................................................................................................................. 67
Impact van digitale/nieuwe media:.............................................................................................................. 68
Artikel Smith, Pfister en Soliz 2011............................................................................................................... 68
Vier stellingen.....................................................................................................................................................68
Artikel Sandel 2014 – Oh I’m here: Social media’s impact on the cross-cultural adaption of students studying
abroad......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Kim’s theorie van Cross-culturele adaptie..........................................................................................................69
Berry’s accultaration model zie aantekeningen week 5....................................................................................70
Heeft online communicatie invloed op studenten in andere cultuur.................................................................70
Onderzoeksvraag:...............................................................................................................................................70
Hoofdstuk 4 Overeenkomsten en verschillen tussen NL, Vlaanderen en andere Eu landen............................71
Hoofdstuk 5................................................................................................................................................. 73
Week 1, college 1, hoofdstuk 1
Small world experiment (Milgram 1967)
Six degrees of seperation
via hoeveel stappen zijn twee willekeurige mensen met elkaar
verbonden.
Via mensen die zij persoonlijk kennen (via netwerk) een brief sturen
naar een bepaald persoon.
Gemiddeld waren het 5-6 stappen tot het eindpunt
2012: Small world experiment 2.0
Facebook berekende de afstand tussen twee willekeurige facebook
gebruikers
Facebook is wereldwijd
Hier waren 3,57 degrees of seperation tussen willekeurige
Facebookgebruikers
lijkt wel alsof de wereld steeds kleiner wordt, door technologie/
makkelijker in contact komen met elkaar
McLuhan 1962 kwam met global village – wereld als dorp
De komst van computers zorgden voor het continu uitwisselen van data,
het mondiale dorp, waar door technologische ontwikkelingen (internet,
toegankelijkheid snelle vliegtuigen, dus ook fysiek) plaats- en tijd barrières
verdwijnen
Verdwijnen cultuur verschillen niet gewoon dankzij globalisatie?
Nee, de grootste cultuurverschillen zijn onzichtbaar, vooral onder de
oppervlakte.
Voorbeeld
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