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Summary Animal Ecology (NWI-BB060B) $5.88
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Summary Animal Ecology (NWI-BB060B)

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Summary of the lectures of the course Animal Ecology, with some diagrams.

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  • June 8, 2021
  • 18
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
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Animal Ecology summary

L1 introduction
Basic principles of ecology:
- Feeding
- Not to be eaten
- Grow, develop and learn
- Reproduce
All matter that contains energy will be used sooner or later
Variation is self-sustainable

Species traits: limited by building plan,
depend on variation in:
- Tolerance
- Adaption
- Phenotypical variance = plasticity
= variation in fitness, survival probability and natural selection
- Genetic variation
Lineage specific effects = inherited characteristics

Trade-offs = chose what to invest in
Currency: fitness, or energy for convenience


L2 Environment & life history
Types of environmental variation:
- Predictable with predictable amplitude
o Rotation and tilt of earth -> seasons, day/night, tides
- Predictable with unpredictable amplitude
- Unpredictable

Surface water: 2/3 of earth cover,
Dampens temperature fluctuations

Vegetation (forest) also dampens temperature and moisture fluctuations -> warmer inside forest

Biotopes/habitats:
- Predictable vs unpredictable
- Cyclical vs non-cyclical in time
- Continuous, fragmented or isolated in space

Quadrant of Southwood:
HERE SOMEWHERE ELSE
NOW Continuous generation Dispersal
LATER Diapause Diapause + dispersal

,MacArthur & Wilson:
r-select = rate of increase spectrum K-select = carrying capacity
many offspring invest a lot in offspring

Grime:
= Stress tolerating




= Ruderal strategy = Competitive

Objections to both: hard to measure and compare

Use life history traits: always relative


L3 Feeding guilds, specialists and generalists
Niche = multidimensional space of environmental factors/resources with a given parameter (n)
Fundamental niche = if not other species present
Realised niche = when there is competition, the remaining dimensions
Habitat = subset of niche referring to the place where the species lives

Specialist = species with a narrow width on some of the dimensions of its niche
Due to competition pressure
Benefits: limited investment in for ex. digestive enzymes, easier to get past defence
Disadvantage: limitation in food
Generalist = species with large niche width for most dimensions

, Leads to equilibrium




Leads to heterozygous and then speciation

Trade-off = trait costs extra energy
Herbivory is a trade-off -> hard to digest
Plant defence:
- Constitutive defence = basic defence = always on, low cost
- Induced defence = only when necessary (under attack), higher costs
Chemical protections:
- N-containing components: costly, only on nutrient rich sites
o Alkaloids
o glycosids
- C-containing components
o Phenols
o Furanocoumarins
o Terpenoids



L4 Herbivory arms race
What herbivores want:
- Nitrogen for building blocks
- Essential amino acids
- Vitamins & minerals

Herbivores bypass defence -> plants adapt: other defence or combination of multiple
Plants communicate to other plants & parasitoids
-> induce defence in other plants, parasitoids eat predator
L5 Predation
Predations:
- Two individuals from different populations
- Leads to desth of prey (usually)
- Predator population grows, prey population decreases

dN r n∗N∗K n−N
Prey population growth: =
dt Kn
With N is individuals in population, rn is intrinsic growth rate and Kn Is the carrying capacity

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