Summary
1.2C Differences between People Summary Problem 8
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This is a summary of the literature for problem 8 of the course Differences between People.
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Problem 8How do our personality traits influence us to choose our potential partner?
What is the difference between gender in personality?
How does the minimalist & the maximalist view the differences between genders as
important?
How do different cultures affect our personality & to what extend?
Personality & Situation Interaction
Three ways in which personality interacts with situation:
Selection
process through which people choose specific social environment according to their personalities
(situational selection)
o e.g. who we select as friends, etc.
o Two theories for who is attracted to whom:
Complementary needs theory: people are attracted to those different from them
Attraction similarity theory: people are attracted to those who are similar to them
(bird of feather flock together)
Only evidence for attraction similarity theory
o Personality plays essential role for mate selection
o Preferences of personality traits might be influenced by current relationship
o Assortative mating: people get into long-term relationships with people similar to them &
positive correlations for numerous traits
End of relationship
o Violation of desire theory: breakups occur when one’s desires are not fulfilled
o Emotional stability: most consistent personality predictor of unstable relationships
Emotionally unstable individuals → jealous & explosive
o Satisfaction: high agreeableness, consciousness, emotional stability & openness contributes
more to long term satisfaction than peoples “ideal partners”
Honeymoon effect: satisfaction declines after first 2 years
o Other predictors for divorces→ low in agreeableness & conscien ousness
o Active forecasting: accuracy with which we anticipate emotional reactions to future event
Correlation between anticipated & experience is low → biases distort accuracy
Evocation
How features of personality evoke distress or positive feelings in others
o E.g. highly active children elicit hostility in parents
Hostile attributional bias
o Aggressive people interpret ambiguous behaviour from others as intentionally unfriendly
o E.g. being pumped into
Expectancy confirmation/ Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion/Rosenthal effect)
o Your idea about the other person, leads to act the person according to your idea
E.g. aggressive person beliefs you are an aggressive person & treats you aggressively
→ you react aggressive back → confirms other’s idea about you
Tow forms of evocation
o Upset other directly by influencing how they act towards others
, E.g. husband throws clothes on the floor → upset his wife
o Indirectly by eliciting actions from other that are upsetting to oneself
E.g. wife undermines husband’s self-esteem, but is angry at him for lack of
confidence
Those high in agreeableness, conscientiousness & low in neuroticism → tend to evoke less
interpersonal conflict
o Willing to compromise
Manipulation
Strategies that people use to influence the behaviour of others
Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation
o Major ways in which people try to influence others in their social world
o Developed though two step procedure
Nominations of acts of influence
Factor analysis of self-reports & observer-reports
Study (Buss)
o Men & women perform tactics equally → only exception is regression tactic (women more)
Who uses which tactics?
o Extraverts use coercion & responsibility invocation
E.g. yelling, “You promised”
o Submissive people → self-abasement & hardball tactics
E.g. tried to look sickly or lying
o High agreeableness → pleasure induction & reason tactic
E.g. describe how enjoyable activity will be
o High in intellect → reason tac c
o Low in intellect → social comparison tac c
“Everyone does it”
Machiavellianism: manipulative strategy of social interaction → uses other people as tools for
personal gain
o High Machs: rely on deception, lying & betray others
Function more effectively in loosely structured social situation
o Low Machs: function effectively in tightly structed, rulebound situations
Sex Differences in Personality
Minimalists vs Maximalists
Minimalist
o Differences small & insignificant
1. Not much practical importance for everyday life
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