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Journalistiek &Democratie
COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN
Vaktitularis: Professor Ike Picone
LAURE VANGHELUWE | VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL 2020-2021
1
,Inhoudsopgave
0. Intro & Praktische Informatie ...................................................................................................... 4
1. Inleidend: Hoe zou het zijn met de democratie? ....................................................................... 5
West Europa ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Noord Amerika .................................................................................................................................... 9
Azie & Oceanie ................................................................................................................................. 10
Latijns Amerika & Caribbean ............................................................................................................ 11
Sub-Saharaans Afrika ....................................................................................................................... 12
Oost Europa ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Midden Oosten en Noord-Afrika ....................................................................................................... 14
Globaal overzicht .............................................................................................................................. 15
2. Inleidend: Hoe zou het zijn met de journalistiek? ................................................................... 16
3. Journalistiek x Democratie ........................................................................................................ 21
4. Journalistiek in democratische theorie ................................................................................... 23
Waar te beginnen? Bij de democratie, maar wat is de democratie? ................................................ 23
Representatieve vs. Directe democratie ........................................................................................... 28
4 Hedendaagse Modellen ................................................................................................................. 40
Competitief-Elitair Model .............................................................................................................. 40
Pluralistisch model........................................................................................................................ 42
Legaal-democratisch model ......................................................................................................... 44
Participatief-democratisch model ................................................................................................. 46
Waarmee zijn deze vormen historisch vervlochten in Europa .......................................................... 51
De normatief-democratische functies van journalistiek .................................................................... 59
4 NORMATIEF DEMOCRATISCHE ROLLEN VAN JOURNALISTIEK ....................................... 60
→ kritische noten .......................................................................................................................... 64
conclusie ....................................................................................................................................... 66
5 Democratie in Journalistieke theorie ............................................................................................. 68
5 Stadia in de ontwikkeling van een journalistieke moraal ............................................................... 69
Stage 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Stage 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 71
Stage 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 73
Stage 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Stage 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 80
4 Hedendaagse Normatieve theorieën over de functie van journalistiek in democratie .................. 81
Liberale Theorie............................................................................................................................ 82
Objectiviteit & Sociale verantwoordelijkheid ................................................................................. 83
Interpretatie en Activisme ............................................................................................................. 85
Gemeenschap en Zorg ................................................................................................................. 87
Alternatieve modellen van journalistiek ............................................................................................ 89
– Public journalism ....................................................................................................................... 89
– New journalism .......................................................................................................................... 92
2
, – Human-interest journalism ........................................................................................................ 93
Vanuit liberale hoek ...................................................................................................................... 93
– Advocacy journalism ................................................................................................................. 94
Uitgegeven door groepering van NGO’s ...................................................................................... 94
Wel journalistiek, met hun deontologie......................................................................................... 94
Maar focus op ondergerepresenteerde groepen, door het marktfalen en de klassieke bias die de
‘klassieke’ pers heeft .................................................................................................................... 94
Advocacy staat niet per se tegenover klassieke journalistiek en hun deontologie, maar verschilt
hier dan vooral in hun thematieken die worden gekozen. ............................................................ 94
Kritiek op Advocacy Journalism ................................................................................................... 95
– Community journalism ............................................................................................................... 96
– Citizen journalism ...................................................................................................................... 97
Whats’s next? ............................................................................................................................... 98
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................... 98
6 Aspecten van Democratisch en Journalistieke theorie: who needs who ............................ 99
6.1 Helpt de democratie de journalistiek? ...................................................................................... 100
6.2 Helpt de journalistiek de democratie ................................................................................. 110
Geografisch: niet-Westerse visies op journalistiek ..................................................................... 111
Historisch: vele veruitwendigingen van journalistiek, niet altijd even trouw aan eigen principes
.................................................................................................................................................... 112
Politiek gezien: journalistiek zelden voortrekker van democratie ............................................... 114
Cultureel gezien: rol journalistiek anders/meer dan objectieve feiten geven ............................. 117
Economisch gezien: journalistiek is commercieel gedreven ...................................................... 118
7 Journalistiek en democratie: de ont-knoping ............................................................................. 122
3
, 0. Intro & Praktische Informatie
Cursus is eerder theoretisch en abstract.
Bedoeling is de link tussen beide concepten goed te snappen.
Eindevaluatie: Mondeling examen
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4
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