Fundamental Module 1: Exam I
1. Review types of wellness, including spiritual, physical, emotional, and sociocultural:
Wellness is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good
physical, mental, emotional, spiritual health. Dunn (1980) described his model of high-
level wellness functioning to one’s max potential while maintaining balance and a
purposeful direction in the environment. Good Health is a passive state (person not ill at
this time) Wellness is a more active regardless of one’s level of health. Dunn defined
processes, which are a part of each person’s perception of one’s own wellness state:
Being (recognizing oneself as separate and individual) belonging (being part of a whole),
becoming (growing and developing), and befitting (making personal choices to benefit
oneself for the future). Dunn’s model encourages nurses to care for the total person and
strive to reach max potential.
a. Physical: Includes genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender.
Strongly influence person’s health status and practices.
b. Emotional: How mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions
influences health. Long-term stress affects body systems and anxiety affects health
habits, cal acceptance and relaxation can change the body’s response to illness.
c. Intellectual: encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past
experiences. Influence the person’s responses to teaching about health and
reactions to nursing care during illness. Play major role in health behaviors.
d. Environmental: many influences, housing, sanitation, climate, and pollution of air,
food and water.
e. Sociocultural: Health practices strongly influenced by persons economic level,
lifestyle, family, and culture. In general, low-income groups, racial and ethnic
minorities and other underserved populations are less likely to seek medical care
for prevention and have fewer treatment options. HIgher-income groups are more
prone to stress-related habits and illness. Family and culture a person belongs
influences patterns of living and values about health and illness (usually
unalterable).
f. Spiritual: Spiritual beliefs and values are important components of health and
illness. Important nurses respect these values and understand their importance.
2. Nursing Theories: based on, and influenced by other broadly applicable processes and
theories.
a. General Systems Theory: used in a wide range of disciplines. Emerged in the
1920s. Primary theorist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, developed the theory for
universal application. Describes how to break whole things into parts and then
learn how the parts work together in systems. Emphasizes relationships between
, the whole and parts and describes how parts and function and behave. Concepts
may be applied to different kinds of systems. Key Points:
i. A system is a set of interacting elements, all contributing to the overall goal
of the system. The whole system is always greater than the sum of its parts.
ii. Systems are hierarchical in nature and are composed of interrelated
subsystems that work together in such a way that a change in one element
could affect other subsystems, as well as the whole.
iii. Boundaries separate systems both from each other and from their
environments.
iv. A system communicates with and reacts to its environment through factors
that enter the system (input) or are transferred to the environment (output).
v. An open system allows energy, matter, and information to move freely
between systems and boundaries, whereas a closed system does not allow
input from or output to the environment (no totally closed systems are
known to exist in reality).
vi. To survive, open systems maintain balance through feedback.
b. Adaption Theory: defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other
things and to environmental conditions. Adaption is continuously occurring
process that effects change and involves interaction and response. Human
adaption- 3 levels- internal (self), social (others), and physical (biochemical
reactions).
c. Developmental theory: Outlines the process of growth and development of humans
as orderly and predictable. Conception to death. Pattern has definite stages,
progress and behaviors of each stage is unique. Heredity, temperament, emotional
and physical environment, life experiences, and health status, influence. Several
theorists have made contributions, two notable. Erik Erikson's- theory of
psychosocial development on the process of socialization, emphasizing how
individuals learn to interact. Recognized the role of social, biological, and
environmental factors. Defined specific tasks or conflicts during his 8 stages of
life. Abraham Maslow - developed his theory of human needs in terms of physical
and psychosocial needs essential to human life not chronological. 5 levels of
hierarchy, with different needs existing simultaneously.
3. Review WHO (World Health Organization) and their definition of Health: Health is
a state of optimal functioning or well-being, one's health includes physical, social, and
mental components and is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. WHO goal -
build a better, healthier future for people all over the world. Work side by side with
governments and other partners to ensure the highest attainable level of health for all
people. THe directing and coordinating authority on international health within the
United Nations’ system. Work in:
, a. Health Systems - moving towards universal health coverage, works together with
policy-makers, global health partners, civil society, academia and the private sector
to support countries to develop, implement and monitor solid nation health plans
b. Noncommunicable diseases- such as heart disease, stroke cancer, diabetes, chronic
lung disease, and mental health conditions.
c. Promoting health the the life-course
d. Communicable diseases- works with countries to increase and sustain access to
prevention, treatment and care for HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected
tropical diseases and to reduce vaccine-preventable diseases.
e. Preparedness, surveillance, and response- during emergencies, leads and
coordinates the health response in support of countries, undertakes risk
assessments, identifies priorities and sets strategies, provides critical technical
guidance, supplies and financial resources, as well as monitoring health situation.
f. Corporate services- provide enabling functions, tools and resources that makes all
of this work possible
4. Review Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and their importance of the needs: Useful for
understanding relationships among basic human needs and for establishing priorities of
care. Nurses apply in assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation stage. Can be
used on pts of all ages. Hierarchy allows nurse to locate pt on health-illness continuum
and incorporate human dimensions and health models into meeting needs. More than one
level may need to be met at one time.
--Based on the theory that something is a basic need if it has following characteristics:
a. Its lack of fulfillment results in illness
b. Its fulfillments helps prevent illness or signals health
c. Meeting it restores health
d. It takes priority over other satisfactions when unmet
e. Ther person feels something is missing when need unmet
f. Person feels satisfaction when need met
Hierarchy arranged to show certain needs are more basic. All people experience all needs
all the time, people generally strive to meet certain needs before others. Five levels
beginning w/ most basic:
■ Level 1: Physiological needs - oxygen, water, food, elimination, temperature,
sexuality, physical activity, rest, must be met at least minimally to maintain life.
a. Oxygen: most essential, any alteration can result in increased need, acute or
chronic. Nurses eval skin color, vitals, anxiety levels, responses to activity,
restlessness, and mental responsiveness.
b. Intake and elimination: Balance, disruption results in edema or dehydration.
Nurses: measure I&O, skin turgor, condition of skin and mucous
membranes, and weight.
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