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Summary Bias Reflexivity, Sampling and Survey in Social Research
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W2 ISR: Bias Reflexivity, Sampling, SurveysBIAS
Gender Bias (or blindness?) in Research
Caroline Criado Perez (2019) explored the issue of gender bias in research
o Blind auditions have increased the proportion of female players hired by
orchestras to nearly 50%
o Women in Britain are 50% more likely to be misdiagnosed following a heart
attack: heart failure trials generally use male participants
o Cars are designed around the body of “reference man”, so although men are
more likely to crash, women involved in collisions are nearly 50% more likely
to be seriously hurt
o Women are more likely to feel sick while wearing a VR headset
Race & unconscious bias
Dawn Butler MP – incident in a lift in parliament where she was mistaken for a
cleaner
The Invisible Knapsack (McIntosh, Peggy, 1989)
1. I can if I wish would arrange to be in the company of people of my race most of the
time
2. I can be pretty sure that my neighbours in such a location will be neutral/pleasant to
me
3. When I am told about our national heritage or about “civilization”, I am shown that
people of my colour made it what it is
4. I can arrange to protect my children most of the time from people who might not
like them
5. I can speak in public to a powerful male group without putting my race on trial
REFLEXIVITY
The Reflexive Turn (O’Reily 2014. p212-213)
During the 1980s researchers (esp. anthropologists) began to look critically at how &
what ethnographers write
This was informed by the rise of philosophical ideas about the social construction of
everything we once thought of as ‘real’
KEY: “The view from nowhere was always in fact a view from somewhere”
(Spencer 2001. pg444)
Focus came to wider contexts in which ethnographic texts have been produced;
o Power relations between researcher & researched
o The colonial critique
o Intersectionality > the impact of gender, race, age, etc.
Reflexivity involves:
o Thinking about what we read (an awareness that knowledge is constructed);
o Thinking about what we write & how;
o Acknowledging we are part of the world we study
, SAMPLING
Sampling Method (Taherdoost, 2016)
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