Dit document is een samenvatting van het hele boek (excl. hoofdstuk 12 over Inhoudsanalyse) + aanvullend de slides en (beperkte) eigen notities. Oefeningen en voorbeelden zijn zelden mee opgenomen.
Inhoud
2 Inleiding: Wat is kwantitatief onderzoek?..........................................................................................1
2.1 Kennis, kennis, kennis..................................................................................................................1
2.2 Kwantitatief, kwalitatief, of mixed methods?..............................................................................1
3 De kwantitatieve onderzoekscyclus....................................................................................................2
3.1 Een start in de wetenschapsfilosofie...........................................................................................2
3.1.1 Wiener-Kreis.........................................................................................................................2
3.1.2 Popper en kritisch rationalisme............................................................................................2
3.1.3 Van Kuhn naar Lakatos..........................................................................................................3
3.2 Wetenschapsmodellen en sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................4
3.2.1 3 grondleggers: Durkheim, Weber en Marx..........................................................................4
3.2.2 Hoe komen deze terug in huidig onderzoek?........................................................................5
3.3 Van filosofie naar praktijk: onderzoeksmethodologie.................................................................7
3.3.1 De eeuwige dichotomie en de derde weg.............................................................................7
3.3.2 Theoriegericht vs praktijkgericht onderzoek.........................................................................7
3.4 De rol van theorie in kwantitatief onderzoek..............................................................................8
3.4.1 Naar een definitie van theorie..............................................................................................8
3.5 Koppeling theorie-empirie: Inductie, deductie, en abductie......................................................10
3.5.1 Deductie..............................................................................................................................10
3.5.2 Inductie...............................................................................................................................10
3.5.3 Abductie..............................................................................................................................10
3.6 De kwantitatieve onderzoekscyclus...........................................................................................11
3.7 Het onderzoeksplan...................................................................................................................11
3.7.1 Probleemstelling.................................................................................................................12
3.7.2 Literatuurstudie..................................................................................................................13
3.7.3 Onderzoeksdesign en dataverzameling..............................................................................13
4 Wetenschappelijke integriteit en ethiek in onderzoek.....................................................................14
4.1 Ethiek en wetenschappelijke integriteit als grondslag van onderzoek.......................................14
4.2 Een langzame ontwikkeling naar ethisch bewustzijn in onderzoek...........................................14
4.2.1 Ethiek en hoe het soms misloopt in onderzoek..................................................................14
4.2.2 Enkele centrale begrippen..................................................................................................15
4.2.3 (inter)nationale codes van wetenschappelijke integriteit...................................................15
4.2.4 Ethische codes en ethische commissies..............................................................................16
4.3 Belangrijkste principes wetenschappelijke integriteit...............................................................16
4.3.1 FFP – Centrale principes van wetenschappelijke integriteit................................................16
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, 4.3.2 Ruimer kader aan basisprincipes........................................................................................16
4.4 Belangrijkste ethische principes wetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................18
4.4.1 Procedurele ethiek..............................................................................................................18
4.4.2 Andere ethische aandachtspunten.....................................................................................19
4.4.3 Checklist van Neuman.........................................................................................................20
5 Grondvormen, onderzoekstypen en researchdesigns......................................................................21
5.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Grondvormen: beschrijvend, verkennend, en toetsend onderzoek..........................................21
5.2.1 Descriptief of beschrijvend onderzoek................................................................................21
5.2.2 Exploratief of verkennend...................................................................................................21
5.2.3 Toetsend onderzoek...........................................................................................................21
5.3 Functionele en causale relaties..................................................................................................22
5.3.1 Functionele relaties.............................................................................................................22
5.3.2 Causale relaties...................................................................................................................22
5.3.3 Functionele vs causale relaties............................................................................................23
5.4 Onderzoeksypen gericht op verstehen en systeemanalyse.......................................................23
5.4.1 Typologische analyse..........................................................................................................23
5.4.2 Cultuur-historische benadering..........................................................................................24
5.4.3 Formele systeemanalyse.....................................................................................................25
5.5 Onderzoekstypen gericht op vaststellen van causaliteit............................................................26
5.5.1 Zuiver Experiment...............................................................................................................27
5.5.2 Quasi experimenteel...........................................................................................................31
5.5.3 Panelstudies........................................................................................................................32
5.5.4 Surveys................................................................................................................................34
6 Surveys opzetten...............................................................................................................................36
6.1 Wat is een survey?.....................................................................................................................36
6.2 Soorten surveys.........................................................................................................................36
6.2.1 Wie wordt bevraagd?..........................................................................................................36
6.2.2 Wat is het onderwerp?.......................................................................................................37
6.2.3 Door wie?............................................................................................................................38
6.2.4 Hoe wordt survey afgenomen?...........................................................................................38
6.2.5 Wanneer.............................................................................................................................38
6.2.6 Waar (geografisch) slaat survey op?...................................................................................40
6.2.7 Waarom?............................................................................................................................40
6.3 Kwaliteit van survey waarborgen: Total survey error................................................................40
6.4 Surveys voorbereiden................................................................................................................41
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, 6.4.1 Ontwerpfase.......................................................................................................................41
6.4.2 Pilootstudie.........................................................................................................................41
6.4.3 Definitieve veldwerk...........................................................................................................41
6.5 Kiezen voor een dataverzamelingsmethode..............................................................................41
6.6 Deelname aan surveys waarborgen en verhogen......................................................................42
6.6.1 Evoluties van deelname......................................................................................................42
6.6.2 Theorieën over deelname...................................................................................................42
6.6.3 Tailored design method......................................................................................................43
6.7 Postenquetes.............................................................................................................................45
6.7.1 Soorten...............................................................................................................................45
6.7.2 Voordelen...........................................................................................................................45
6.7.3 Nadelen...............................................................................................................................46
6.7.4 Veldwerk-procedure...........................................................................................................46
6.7.5 Aandachtspunten contactbrieven.......................................................................................46
6.8 Webenquetes............................................................................................................................46
6.8.1 Voordelen...........................................................................................................................46
6.8.2 Nadelen...............................................................................................................................46
6.8.3 Veldwerkprocedure............................................................................................................46
6.8.4 Face-to-face interviews.......................................................................................................47
7 Steekproeftechnieken, representativiteit en bias.............................................................................48
7.1 Kernbegrippen...........................................................................................................................48
7.1.1 Interne validiteit of begripsvaliditeit...................................................................................48
7.1.2 Externe validiteit.................................................................................................................48
7.1.3 Betrouwbaarheid................................................................................................................49
7.2 Vormen van bias........................................................................................................................49
7.2.1 Onderzoekeffecten.............................................................................................................49
7.2.2 Objecteffecten....................................................................................................................50
7.2.3 Onderzoekerseffecten.........................................................................................................50
7.2.4 Interacties tussen voorgaande effecten en modellen interviewprocessen.........................51
7.3 Total survey error approach.......................................................................................................51
7.3.1 Respondent selectie............................................................................................................52
7.3.2 Accuraatheid van antwoorden............................................................................................53
7.3.3 Survey administratie...........................................................................................................53
7.3.4 Survey related effects.........................................................................................................53
7.4 Observatiemethoden zonder onderzoekersstimulus.................................................................53
7.4.1 Analyse documentaire bronnen..........................................................................................53
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, 7.4.2 Statistische Reeksen en Registergegevens..........................................................................54
7.4.3 Voor-en nadelen.................................................................................................................54
7.5 Reactieve methoden: extensieve bevraging..............................................................................55
7.5.1 Face-to-face survey.............................................................................................................55
7.5.2 Klassikale survey.................................................................................................................56
7.5.3 Schriftelijke survey of postenquête.....................................................................................56
7.5.4 Telefonische enquête..........................................................................................................57
7.5.5 Combinaties........................................................................................................................57
7.5.6 Nepvormen.........................................................................................................................57
7.6 Steekproeftechnieken................................................................................................................58
7.6.1 Representativiteit en selectiviteit.......................................................................................58
7.6.2 Toevalssteekproeven..........................................................................................................59
7.6.3 Niet-toevalssteekproeven...................................................................................................61
7.6.4 Steekproefomvang, precisie en significantie.......................................................................62
7.7 Non response en validatie.........................................................................................................63
7.7.1 Final disposition codes........................................................................................................63
7.7.2 Standaard response ratio....................................................................................................64
7.7.3 Analyse item non-response.................................................................................................65
7.7.4 Validatie gegevens..............................................................................................................65
8 Operationaliseren.............................................................................................................................66
8.1 Concepten..................................................................................................................................66
8.1.1 Onderdelen van een concept..............................................................................................66
8.1.2 De abstractieladder van de Vaus.........................................................................................66
8.2 Operationaliseren in de praktijk................................................................................................66
8.2.1 Indeling van concepten.......................................................................................................67
8.3 Aandachtspunten bij operationaliseren.....................................................................................67
9 Kwantitatieve meetinstrumenten.....................................................................................................68
9.1 Indexen......................................................................................................................................68
9.1.1 Definitie..............................................................................................................................68
9.1.2 Indexen ontwikkelen...........................................................................................................68
9.2 Schalen.......................................................................................................................................68
9.2.1 Wat is een schaal?..............................................................................................................68
9.2.2 Thurstone schaal.................................................................................................................68
9.2.3 Likert schaal........................................................................................................................69
9.2.4 Guttman schaal...................................................................................................................70
9.2.5 Mokken schaal....................................................................................................................71
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