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GCSE geogrpahy topic 2.1
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A through guide to topic 2 of the gcse geography course to ensure you achieve the best of your potential
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10.5 - People of the planet (PART 2)Types of cities
● There are 3 main types of cities: a city (which has no official definition
however is thought to be a place with more than 300,000 residents whilst
being the centre of a wider area e.g. - Cambridge), a megacity (a city with
over 10 million people, e.g. - São Paulo) and a world city (a city considered to
be an important hub in the world economic system e.g. - London). [4.5.1]
● Since 1950, there has been a rise in the number of megacities. This is due to
urbanisation, especially in EDCs in Africa and Asia. For example, in Africa
only 14% of people lived in urban areas in 1950 compared to 40% today. This
means that there are megacities all over the world today compared to only 10
in 1990. [4.5.2]
Urbanisation
● Urbanisation is the process by which there is an increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas.
● The rate of urbanisation is highest in EDC’s, then in LIDC’s the and least in
AC’s. This is because the farming efficiency in EDC’s is increasing meaning
there are less jobs in rural areas so more people are moving to urban areas in
search of work. On the other hand, in LIDC’s, the farming efficiency is low so
there is still jobs in rural areas. Finally, in AC’s, the majority of the population
lives in urban areas so the rate is low. [4.5.3]
Rapid Urbanisation in LIDC’s
● Push factors for LIDC’s towards urbanisation: poor housing, poor healthcare,
famine, poor education, conflict and no/low paying jobs, more disease. [4.5.4]
● Pull factors for LIDC’s towards urbanisation: better infrastructure, better
education, high paying jobs and better culture, less death, better technology.
[4.5.4]
● Impacts of rapid urbanisation [4.5.5]:
- Social impacts: competition for jobs, starvation and malnutrition.
- Environmental impacts: natural resources are overused, unhygienic
living conditions and air, land and oceans are polluted.
- Economic impacts: the infrastructure can’t keep up as the demand
outweighs the supply and people still have no jobs or low paying jobs
as there is high competition.
Informal settlements
● Informal settlements (slums) can be the result of rapid urbanisation. They are
areas of substandard housing occupied by squatters. People are forced to
live in informal settlements because they cannot access official employment,
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