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Summary Pysch 314 EXAM Notes Chapters 8-13 $5.11   Add to cart
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Summary Pysch 314 EXAM Notes Chapters 8-13
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  • Course
  • Psychology 314 (PSY314)
  • Institution
  • Stellenbosch University (SUN)
  • Book
  • Abnormal Psychology

These notes outline Chapters 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13. They are inclusive of the textbook notes, as well as slide notes (used during 2021). This includes definitions as well as diagnostic criteria for chapters 12 and 13. Reviews: - "Your notes helped a lot. I really love how you set out your notes...

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  • No
  • 8, 10, 11, 12, 13
  • June 17, 2021
  • 52
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

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  • psych
  • psychology
  • 314
  • psych exam
  • notes
  • exam

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Psychology 314

Table of Contents
Psychology 314 .......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 8: Eating Disorders ........................................................................................................................... 2
Bulimia nervosa .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Anorexia nervosa ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Binge-eating disorder .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Causes ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Management................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 10: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders and Gender Dysphoria ............................................. 7
Assessing sexual behaviour ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Causes of sexual dysfunction .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Treatment .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Paraphilic disorders ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Causes of paraphilic disorders .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Assessing + treating paraphilic disorders ................................................................................................................................. 14
Gender dysphoria ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 11: Substance-Related, Addictive and Impulse-Control Disorders .................................................. 17
Alcohol-related disorders .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic-related disorders................................................................................................................... 19
Stimulants ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Opioids ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Other drugs................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Causes ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Treatment .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Impulse-control disorders ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 12: Personality Disorders ................................................................................................................ 29
Cluster A ................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Cluster C ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Reading: Salsman...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders .......................................................... 40
Schizophrenia ............................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Other psychotic disorders ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Catatonia ................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Psychotic disorders ................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Reading: Swingler..................................................................................................................................................................... 51




Mariska Bester 2021 © 1

,Chapter 8: Eating Disorders
- Expected to develop an understanding of what each of the disorders are, and how to broadly identify them.
i.e. you will not be expected to list diagnostic criteria.
- Persistent disturbances to eating, and associated behaviours, cause significant impairments in both bodily
and psychological health
- Chief characteristic – all-encompassing drive to attain and maintain a low weight and to be thin
- Not found in all developing countries – seems to be culturally specific; in USA, African-American women
have less body dissatisfaction than white girls. In SA, no marked difference between black and white
people
- Adolescent girls most at risk; mean age of onset – 18-21, yet some at 10 already
o Girls gain weight (fat tissue) and boys develop muscle during puberty – thus men go closer to the
ideal, while girls move further away
- Major types of DSM-5 eating disorders
o Anorexia nervosa + Bulimia nervosa
Both severe disruptions in eating behaviour
Weight and shape have disproportionate influence on self-concept
Extreme fear + apprehension about gaining weight
Strong sociocultural origins – driven by Western emphasis on thinness
Disturbance in person’s thoughts, actions, and emotions
o Additional: Binge-eating disorder
Involves disordered eating behaviour (binges)
May involve fewer cognitive distortions about weight and shape
Bulimia nervosa
- Do not need to memorize but DSM-5 criteria includes:
o Recurrent episodes of binge-eating – eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is
larger than most people would eat during the same period; sense of lack of control over eating
during this episode that one cannot stop
o Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain + offset intake of
excessive food (self-induced vomiting, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise)
o Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
o Ashamed of both their eating issues + their lack of control
- Binge-eating – hallmark of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder
o Eating excess amounts of food in a discrete period of time
o Eating is perceived as uncontrollable
o May be associated with guilt, shame or regret
o May hide behaviour from family members
o Foods consumed are often high in sugar, fat or carbohydrates
- Compensatory behaviours – designed to ‘make up for’ binge eating
o Most common: Purging
Most common purging method: Self-induced vomiting
May also include use of diuretics or laxatives
o Excessive exercise
o Fasting or food restriction
- Associated medical features
o Most are within 10% of normal body weight
o Purging methods can result in severe medical problems
Erosion of dental enamel, electrolyte imbalance
Kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, intestinal problems, permanent colon damage
Nutritional deficiencies, electrolyte + metabolic problems, local tissue damage
Tearing of oesophagus
Mariska Bester 2021 © 2

,- Associated psychological features
o Most are overly concerned with body shape
o Fear of gaining weight
o Closer related to anxiety, less so to mood and substance-use disorders
o Most have comorbid psychological disorders
20% meet criteria for a mood disorder
50–70% have met criteria for a mood disorder at some point
80% have met criteria for an anxiety disorder at some point
Nearly 2/5 abuse substances – novelty seeking, emotional instability
o Sometimes display features of borderline personality disorder – labile moods, erratic behaviours,
pervasive anxiety, turbulent interpersonal relationships, deliberate self-harm
Anorexia nervosa
- Do not need to memorize but DSM-5 criteria includes:
o Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significant low body weight (weight
that is less than minimally normal)
o Intense fear of gaining weight / becoming fat or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight
gain, even though at a significantly low weight
o Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influences of
body weight / shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the
current low body weight
o Highest mortality rate for any psychological disorder – due to suicide, metabolic, nutritional and
surgical complications
- Extreme weight loss – hallmark of anorexia
o Restriction of calorie intake below energy requirements – eating can become ritualised
o Intense fear of weight gain
o Often begins with dieting – external validation
o Usually combine caloric restriction, exercise, and purging
o Subtypes:
Restricting: diet to limit calorie intake
Binge-eating-purging: purge to limit calorie intake; binge on small amounts of food, more
consistently – may just reflect a certain phase of anorexia
- Associated features
o Most show marked disturbance in body image – almost delusional thoughts about self
o Most have comorbid psychological disorders
70% are depressed at some point
Higher than average rates of substance abuse and OCD
o Starving body borrows energy from internal organs, leading to organ damage including cardiac
damage; can cause heart attack
o Intense panic, anxiety, depression if they do gain any weight
- Associated features – medical consequences
o Chronic state of catabolism – breaking down of the body
o Amenorrhoea (loss of periods in women)
o Dry skin; yellow almost
o Brittle hair and nails
o Sensitivity to cold temperatures; abnormally low levels of body fat
o Lanugo – very thin, soft, unpigmented, downy hair that is sometimes found on the body of a baby
o Cardiovascular problems
o Oesophageal rupture
o Electrolyte imbalance
It is most deadly mental disorder due to organ damage
- OCD is common comorbid condition – in which unpleasant thoughts are focused on gaining weight, and
patients engage in variety of behaviours, some of them ritualistic, to rid themselves of such thoughts
- Substance abuse also common; strong predictor of mortality
Mariska Bester 2021 © 3

, Binge-eating disorder
- New in DSM-5
- Marked distress about binge eating without associated compensatory behaviours
- Associated with distress and / or functional impairment (health risk, feelings of guilt, inadequate)
- Excessive concern with weight / shape may / may not be present
- Associated features
o Approximately 20% of individuals in weight-control programmes suffer from BED
o Approximately half of candidates for bariatric surgery suffer from BED
o Better response to treatment than other eating disorders – don’t have all the same thought processes
present in anorexia / bulimia
o Tend to be older than sufferers of anorexia and bulimia
o Higher rates of psychopathology than non-bingeing obese individuals
- Do not need to memorize but DSM-5 criteria includes:
o Recurrent episodes of binge-eating – eating an amount of food that is larger than most would eat in
same time period; sense of lack of control over how much they can eat
o Episodes are associated with 3 / more – eating much more rapidly than normal; eating until feeling
uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry; eating alone
because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating; feeling disgusted with oneself,
depressed or very guilty afterwards
o Marked distressed about binge eating – binge to alleviate ‘bad moods’ or negative affect
o Not due to compensatory behaviour of anorexia / bulimia




Causes
- All have similar causal influences – similar inherited biological vulnerabilities, similar sociocultural
influences, family influences, personality development
- Share psychological attributes – anxiety about physical appearance + presentation to others, distorted
body image, and maladaptive eating-related behaviour
- No one factor seems sufficient to cause them
- May share biological vulnerabilities with anxiety disorders – excessive responsiveness to adverse life
events
- Negative emotions + mood intolerance seem to trigger binge-eating in many patients
- Social + cultural pressures about thin body motivate significant restriction of eating (through dieting)
- Also relevant – nature of relationships + interactions in high-achieving families – focus on appearance,
achievement – overriding importance of physical appearance to popularity + success
- Attitudes also reinforced in peer groups
- Differences– some ‘successfully’ control their intake (anorexia) and some lose control + compensate
(bulimia) – may be biologically determined and modified by personality development
Mariska Bester 2021 © 4

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