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Theoretical approaches and perspectives in victimology
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KRM 220Victimology
CHAPTER 2 - STUDY UNIT 2.2 : Theoretical approaches and perspectives in
victimology
Extended low self control theory : Schreck (1999)
Low self control refers to the fact that people generally want immediate gratification of
their needs and do not take the consequences of their actions into consideration.
Schreck applies these assumptions to victims of crime.
He identifies certain elements of self control that increases vulnerability, namely:
- Future orientation
The first element of self-control, namely the degree of future orientation, refers to the
impulsiveness of the individual as well as to the measure to which the individual is able
to postpone gratification. According to Schreck, low self-control and impulsiveness
decrease the likelihood of appreciating the long-term consequences of ones actions.
- Empathy
The second element of self control is empathy or a tendency to be indifferent or
insensitive to the needs of others. Individuals with low levels of empathy have few
friends with whom they have close personal relationships.Their tendency to be
insensitive towards others often makes them unable to assess or evaluate another
individual’s intentions thus increasing the possibility of personal victimisation.
- Tolerance for frustration
Closely linked to the above two factors is the third element, namely tolerance for
frustration or the inclination to handle conflict through confrontation. The lower the
frustration tolerance, the more likely the exhibition of anger and the possibility of being
victimised.
- Diligence
Low self-control is often associated with a lack in tenacity and persistence, and a
preference for simple tasks that require little commitment. A lack of diligence may also
result in the failure to take special precautions against personal victimisation.
- Preference for mental rather than physical activities
Individuals who prefer physical activity are less likely to assess a risky situation and the
possible consequences of their actions on a cognitive or mental level.
- Risk avoidance
Individuals with low self-control are more inclined to place themselves in risk situations
and participate in thrill-seeking activities that will make them vulnerable to victimisation.
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