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Psychological Assessment SummaryLecture 1.1: Introduction and decision making
- Article 1: Introduction (Wright) - The hypothesis testing model
Testing provides individuals with strengths and weaknesses, also provides dynamic insights,
valuable information for intervention and prognosis. The ultimate aim is helping.
Process of PA
1. Conducting a clinical interview
2. Choosing a battery of tests
3. Administering, scoring and interpreting tests
4. Integrating and conceptualising information gathered from test results, the clinical
interview, behavioural observations and other sources
5. Writing a PA report
6. Providing feedback to the individual and/or referral source
The hypothesis testing model:
Testing is done because self-report of individuals is never enough. Testing displays how the
individual is currently functioning. There is no perfect measure, all of them are susceptible to
validity and reliability issues, also bias.
Step 1: clinical assessment
Conduct a thorough clinical interview. Combined with background knowledge, hypotheses will
be formed. Assessors either used structured, semi-structured or unstructured interviews. The
aim is to assess impairment and construct hypotheses.
The client comes with a presenting problem. Sometimes clients come only to discover
themselves, keep in touch with themselves etc. No presenting problem, just improvement. For
hypotheses, after assessment, all possible causes for impairment are generated.
Step 2: selecting tests
Selection of testing battery. The construct should be tested with multiple measures.
Step 3: testing
Don’t test too much or little, testing is costly. Administration and scoring should be done
appropriately, no room for error.
Step 4: Integration of data
Results and behavioural observations are combined. Themes are fitted into a coherent
narrative.
Step 5: writing the assessment report
It should be written in a professional manner without overwhelming with professional jargon. It
should end with logical recommendations.
step 6: providing feedback
Feedback should be professional and understandable. The psychologist must prepare for the
reaction of the client (upset or relieved). Language should show empathy and support. It should
also be psychoeducational. Make sure the client understands the report. Client may choose not
to follow the recommendations, which is OK.
, - Article 2: Origins of Psychological Testing
Topic 2A
Modern tests have been around for the past 100 years. Francis Galton invented the first battery
of tests. Testing is important in terms of finding out how mental processes are interdependent,
how they vary among individuals etc.
Rudimentary forms of Testing in China in 2200 B.c.
The Chinese emperor had his officials examined often to assess their fitness for office in civil
law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography. People were assigned to places
according to their results.
Physiognomy, Phrenology, and the Psychograph
Physiognomy is judging the inner character through the appearance, the face of a person. It
was an early form of testing. Aristotle supported it, saying that the body reflects the soul. Later,
physiognomy became popular around Europe starting from Switzerland. Later, phrenology
came; reading the bumps on the skull. Its founder is Franz joseph gall. He believed that
developing parts of the brain would enlarge locally. Henry c. Lavery then found the
psychograph, the helmet that studied phrenology. Later scepticism cost the credibility of this.
The Brass Instruments Era of Testing
Experimental psychology flourished in the 1800s in Europe. Focus came to laboratories and
replication. Unfortunately, experimental psychology ended early because psychologists mistook
simple sensory processes for intelligence. Wundt was the founder of the first psychological
laboratory. He studied the speed of thinking with a pendulum, for every person it is unique.
Galton and the First Battery of Mental Tests- Galton was interested in evolution (Hereditary
Genius, 1869). Boring regards Inquiries as to the beginning of the mental test movement.
Galton emphasizes that individual differences exist and are measurable. Galton got inspired by
Wundt and applied his procedures with many subjects. To further his study of individual
differences, Galton set up a psychometric laboratory in London. Tests measured both physicality
and behaviour. He showed that meaningful scores can be obtained through standardized
measures.
Cattell Imports Brass Instruments to the United States- Cattell studied RT. Cattell got support
from Galton, but not Wundt. He invented the term “mental test”. Cattell’s student Wissler studied
mental tests and academic performance, it was a failure. experimental psychologists largely
abandoned the use of RT and sensory discrimination as measures of intelligence.
Rating Scales and Their Origins
Galen was one of the first people to find rating scales without awareness, also Al-Kindhi.
First-person to apply it is Thomasius, a german philosopher. Scales were applied to phrenology
as well. Phrenology later disappeared in the 1900s.
Changing Conceptions of Mental Retardation in the 1800s
The first test was found by Binet to help children in Paris. Humanism gave attention to
educational, emotional needs and retardation. The psychiatrically impaired people were treated
badly, usually as witches.
,Esquirol and Diagnosis in Mental Retardation- the distinction between mental illness and
retardation were made by Esquirol. Retardation is permanent, illness is curable. He put
emphasis on language skills. He categorised mental retardation.
Seguin and Education of Individuals with Mental Retardation- student of esquirol, established a
new form of humanism. He developed education programs for the mentally retarded.
Influence of Binet's Early Research on His Test
He was a great researcher. He worked with charcot. He tried with hysteria but was a failure. He
experimented with his daughters. He identified certain rules to be followed during testing, such
as exercise nearly endless patience and use entertaining tricks when testing children.
Binet and Testing for Higher Mental Processes
With Henri he suggested that intelligence should be measured with higher psychological
processes. In 1904, Minister of Public Instruction in Paris said children who struggle should be
identified and removed from regular classes into special placement. The tests by simon and
Binet were mainly linguistic, but they didn't have a total score since they focused on
classification rather than measurement.
The Revised Scales and the Advent of IQ
More items were added. The biggest innovation of the new scale was the introduction of the
concept of mental level. Every passed five tests granted one year of mental age. In 1911, a third
revision of the Binet-Simon scales appeared. Binet emphasized that these results should not be
taken too seriously. Mental level became mental age. Terman suggested IQ by multiplying the
result by 100.
TOPIC 2B
Early Uses and Abuses of Tests in the United States
First Translation of the Binet-Simon Scale- Goddard translated the scale but named the levels of
retardation as idiot, imbecile, and feebleminded. He conducted many tests and thought that the
mentally deficient should be isolated from society because of contamination.
The Binet-Simon and Immigration- it was realised that immigrants have a high rate in
feeblemindedness. Goddard believed in heredity and advocated breeding restriction of the
retarded. The tests frightened new coming immigrants. Results have shown that approxşmately
70-80% of immigrants were feebleminded. Immigration was therefore restricted.
Testing for Giftedness: Leta Stetter Hollingworth- she found that gifted adolescents were judged
as better looking, and had greater school achievement. She was a feminist.
The Stanford-Binet: The Early Mainstay of IQ- terman from Stanford revised the scale for the
US, added more items and made it suitable for the retarded, the normal, the gifted etc. he gave
well instructions on administration and scoring. It was later compared to the Wechsler scale.
Group Tests and the Classification of WWI Army Recruits
For classification and assignment, IQ tests were conducted in the army.
The Army Alpha and Beta Examinations- alpha was based on 1)following oral directions,
2)arithmetical reasoning, 3)practical judgment, 4)synonym-antonym pairs, 5)disarranged
sentences, 6)number series completion, 7)analogies, and 8) information. Army beta was
nonverbal, for people whose mother tongue isn’t English. It consisted of visual perceptial and
motor tests. Testing wasn’t taken seriously though.
, Early Educational Testing
Army alpha and beta were taken into general use too. In 1925, the College Board decided to
construct a scholastic aptitude test for use in college admissions. Stanford Achievement Test
(SAchT) was first published in 1923.
The Development of Aptitude Tests
Aptitude tests measure more specific things than intelligence tests. These tests lagged behind
because they needed factor analysis, and the absence of a practical application for such refined
instruments. Tests were not good enough to select for important jobs like pilots.
Personality and Vocational Testing after WWI
Woodworth came up with the personal data sheet to test personality in the army. Next, the
inventory of neurosis, Thurstone Personality Schedule was found. Later came the bernreuter
personality inventory, it measured neurotic tendency, self-sufficiency, introversion-extraversion,
and dominance-submission.
The Origins of Projective Testing
Pioneered by galton. Later came Jung with his association test to find the insane. Rorschach
got inspired by Jung and focused on ambiguous or unstructured stimuli, then came up with the
inkblots.Thematic apperception test studies normal personality by displaying a picture and
asking the person to tell a story about it. Later came sentence completion. Goodenough
analysed kids drawings. Bucks test, the house tree person required the person to draw them.
Szondi test consisted of pictures of psychiatric people in the categories of the homosexual,
epileptic, sadistic, hysteric, catatonic, paranoiac, manic and depressed. Subjects were
supposed to choose the people they liked and disliked the most from the categories. Consistent
preference for a group displayed a genetic tendency to the problem. The test was wack
because of its validity issues.
The Development of Interest Inventories
Interest inventories are for normal people and counselling. Tests studied interests from
childhood into adultery (Carnegie Interest Inventory). Cowdery improved the work, later Edward
strong improved it with the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Its modern version is Strong
Interest Inventory. Kuder Preference Record was a competitor of the test by being ipsative,
comparing the relative strength of interests within the individual rather than between.
The Emergence of Structured Personality Tests
MMPI is the most important one. Other ones are sixteen personality factor questionnaire,
California Psychological Inventory, MBTI. The big 5 is most popular. OCEAN. NEO is a good
example of this kind of testing.
The Expansion and Proliferation of Testing
Innovation is key in modern tests, clinical and neuropsychology especially. new tests, include
child clinical psychology, forensic psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology.
Evidence-Based Practice and Outcomes Assessment
Boosts the need for assessment with tests and outcome measures. To require proof that
treatments and interventions yield measurable positive outcomes. EBPP also involves the use
of outcomes assessment with psychotherapy patients. Outcome ratings scale measures
patients current functioning.
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