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Summary English FAL - Language and conventions Guide [Grade 8 - 12]
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A guide to all the language terms and understanding the parts of speech and their roles in the language.
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English f.a.l, Contents
Contents .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
BASIC SPELLING RULES ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
SUFFIX AND INFLECTION RULES ..............................................................................................................................................................................5
AFFIXES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
PARTS OF SPEECH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
DETERMINERS: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
GERUND: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
ARTICLE(GRAMMAR):................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
ADJECTIVES: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Possessive Adjectives ..........................................................................................................................................................................................11
Demonstrative Adjectives.................................................................................................................................................................................11
Coordinate Adjectives .........................................................................................................................................................................................12
Numbers Adjectives ..............................................................................................................................................................................................12
Interrogative Adjectives ................................................................................................................................................................................12
Indefinite Adjectives...........................................................................................................................................................................................12
Collateral adjective ................................................................................................................................................................................................12
ADVERBS: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
LOCATIVE ADVERB ..................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Conjunctions (joining words): ............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
PRONOUNS: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Relative pronouns ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
PREPOSITIONS: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Superlative: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
VERBS: .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
AUXILIARY VERB ......................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Phrasal verb .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
LINKING VERB .............................................................................................................................................................................................................21
MEASURE WORD: .............................................................................................................................................................................................................22
PARTICIPLE: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
NOUNS: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
Synonyms and antonyms .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Paraphrasing......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Direct speech and reported [indirect]speech ........................................................................................................................................ 26
Expository texts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Degrees of comparison ..............................................................................................................................................................................................27
2 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 to 12 English F.A.L. Language Guide]
, COMPARATIVE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................27
CONTRACTION....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Concord .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Emotive language ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
DECLENSION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
TENSE (GRAMMAR) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
FUTURE TENSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
PAST TENSE ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
PRESENT TENSE.................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Grammatical person .......................................................................................................................................................................................................33
PHRASE ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Rhetorical devices ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
FIGURES OF SPEECH.........................................................................................................................................................................................................37
Critical awareness of language.......................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Punctuation ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
VOICE (GRAMMAR) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Clauses...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
MORPHEME ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
SUBJECT, PREDICATE ......................................................................................................................................................................................................45
PREDICATE (GRAMMAR) ...........................................................................................................................................................................................45
SUBJECT (GRAMMAR) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................45
OBJECT (GRAMMAR) .....................................................................................................................................................................................................45
INFINITIVE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
SENTENCES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Simple, compound and complex sentences............................................................................................................................................48
The Apostrophe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
3 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 to 12 English F.A.L. Language Guide]
, BASIC SPELLING RULES
Z Short-Vowel Rule: When one-syllable words have a vowel in the middle, the vowel
usually has a short sound. Examples: cat, dog, man, hat, mom, dad, got. If the letter
after the vowel is f, l, or s, this letter is often doubled. Examples: staff, ball, pass.
Z Two-Vowels Together: When two vowels are next to each other, the first vowel is
usually long (the sound is the same as the sound of the letter) and the second vowel is
silent. Examples: meat, seat, plain, rain, goat, road, lie, pie.
Z Vowel-Consonant-e Pattern: When a short word, or the last syllable of a longer word,
ends in this pattern vowel-consonant-e, then the first vowel is usually long and the e is
silent. Examples: place, cake, mice, vote, mute.
Z Y as a long I: The letter y makes the long sound of i when it comes at the end of a
short word that has no other vowel. Examples: cry, try, my, fly, by, hi.
Z Y as a long E: When y or ey ends a word in an unaccented syllable, the y has the long
sound of e. Examples: money, honey, many, key, funny.
Z I before E: Write i before e when the sound is long e except after the letter c.
Examples: relieve, relief, reprieve. When there is a c preceding, then it
is ei : receipt, receive, ceiling, deceive, conceive.
Z E before I: Write e before i when the sound is long a. Examples: weight, freight, reign.
Z Oi or Oy: Use oi in the middle of a word and use oy at the end of a word.
Examples: boil, soil, toil, boy, toy.
Z Ou or Ow: Use ou in the middle of a word and use ow at the end of words other than
those that end in n or d.
Examples: mouse, house, found, mount, borrow, row, throw, crow.
Z Double Consonants: When b, d, g, m, n, or p appear after a short vowel in a word with
two syllables, double the consonant.
Examples: rabbit, manner, dagger, banner, drummer.
Z The ch sound: At the beginning of a word, use ch. At the end of a word, use tch. When
the ch sound is followed by ure or ion, use t.
Examples: choose, champ, watch, catch, picture, rapture.
4 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 to 12 English F.A.L. Language Guide]
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