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ECG2 summary lectures
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This is the summary of all six lectures of period 6 for ECG2
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LECTURE 1 ECG21) Locus coeruleus à norepinephrine/noradrenaline
2) Raphe nuclei à serotonin
3) Peduncle Pontine Tegmental nucleus à acetylcholine
4) Substantia nigra à dopamine
Sound enters the central nervous system, through the ear, travels through the brain stem and
up to the colliculus inferior, the side of the thalamus and finally the auditory cortex à
auditory information is processed (fig 1)
From the locus coeruleus noradrenaline is projected across the cortex, in particular to the
prefrontal cortex (fig. 2)
Pyramidal
tract:
Pathway
descending from
the cortex,
through the pons
and to the brain
stem and the
spinal cord.
They allow
voluntary
movement
,Loneliness, physical activity and mental health during Covid-19: a longitudinal analysis of
depression and anxiety between 2015 and 2020
Results showed that people who already scored high on loneliness before Covid-19 had an
increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms after the outbreak of the pandemic, whereas
there was no effect for people who were not already lonely before Covid-19 à Both
loneliness and decreased physical activity were associated with worse mental health in 2020
compared to previous years. Loneliness was associated with a 1-point higher score on the
PHQ-9 between 2015 and 2019 compared to people who did not report loneliness, but this
difference doubled to 2 points during the pandemic. In contrast, there was no worsening of
mental health symptoms for people who did not report loneliness before.
Moreover, a decrease in physical activity during the pandemic was associated with worsening
of the depressive symptoms
Both being a woman, being retired, and not being full-time employed were associated with
pandemic-specific worsening in mental health
Effects of music
Visual and auditory stimuli enter the brain stem first. Depending on the stimulus, this can
either lead to negative affects such as anxiety and depression (e.g., listening to distressful
news on the tv), or even calm you down for example by listening to slow-paced music.
A slow rhythm will make the heart and respiration rates synchronize with the slow pace of
the music
Expectation à When music has a repetitive pattern that comes back in cycles, this will lead
the listener to know what to expect and as a result they will start producing dopamine from
the Ventral Tegmental Area, which will project to the prefrontal area and the rest of the
cortex. Finally, the listener will start producing opiates (endorphin-like substances) that
produce a pleasant feeling.
In short à music will activate the reward system
Nucleus accumbens à main area responsible for the reward system à it leads you wanting
more
, These projections of the reward system will then activate the prefrontal cortex which will
start inhibiting the amygdala and controlling the areas responsible for negative emotions.
In times of stress, however, there is a decrease in lack of control of these areas and over-
activation of the amygdala
THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN PREMATURE CHILDREN
Studies have shown differences in the development of gyri in the auditory cortex, with a lack
of development in that sense for the premature children.
However, there is evidence suggesting that music helps in stimulating the development of
said area while simultaneously decreasing the levels of stress that a premature child is
subjected to
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