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Class notes Anatomy [Appendicular skeleton]
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High yield summary of the Appendicular Skeleton. It contains detailed and straight to the point definition about the Appendicular Skeletal system.
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ANATOMYAppendicular Skeleton
• transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial
OUTLINE skeleton
I. Upper Limb • most commonly fractured bone in the body (breaks at
a. Shoulder Girdle its weakest point, the junction of the middle and outer
i. Clavicle thirds)
ii. Sternum
b. Humerus ARTICULATION
c. Forearm bones Medial Sternum and 1st costal cartilage
i. Radius Lateral Acromion process of the scapula
ii. Ulna
d. Wrist (Carpals)
e. Bones of the Hand and Phalanges Parts
i. Metacarpals
ii. Phalanges
II. Lower Limb • Shaft- has a double curve in horizontal plane that
a. Hip/Innominate/Pelvic bone increases the resilience of the clavicle
b. Femur/Thigh bone o medial 2/3 of the clavicle are convex forward
c. Patella and its lateral 1/3 is concave forward
d. Leg bone • Sternal end- triangular
i. Tibia o articulates with the manubrium and 1st costal
ii. Fibula cartilage via the sternoclavicular joint
e. Bones of the Foot and Phalanges
i. Tarsal Bones
• Acromial end- flat
ii. Metatarsals o articulates w/ the acromion of the scapula via
iii. Phalanges acromioclavicular joint
Grooves and Impressions
• Appendicular Skeleton- includes the bones of the
upper limbs (60), pectoral girdle (4), and pelvic girdles • Subclavian groove- in the medial 1/3 of the shaft of
(2) clavicle is the site of attachment of the subclavius
o consists of 126 bones muscle
• Conoid tubercle- gives attachment to the conoid
ligament
• Trapezoid line- gives attachment to the trapezoid
ligament
SCAPULA
UPPER LIMB
• flat triangular bone that lies on the posterior chest wall
• multijointed lever that is freely movable on the trunk at between the 2nd and 7th ribs
the shoulder joint
o At the distal end of the upper limb is the hand Surfaces
• continuous with the lower neck and is suspended from
the trunk at the shoulder • Anterior/Costal- concave
• divided into the shoulder (junction of the trunk with the o formed by the subscapular fossa
arm), arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand • Subscapular fossa- shallow and is formed by the
anterior surface of the scapula
SHOULDER/SHOULDER GIRDLE • Posterior- convex
o unevenly divided by the spine of scapula into
• consists of the clavicle and the scapula, w/c articulate a small supraspinous fossa and larger
with one another at the acromioclavicular joint infraspinous fossa
CLAVICLE • Spine of the scapula- projects backward on its
posterior surface
• long, slender bone that lies horizontally across the root • Lateral
of the neck just beneath the skin o Glenoid cavity/fossa- pear shaped, shallow,
• connects upper limb to the trunk/ axial skeleton concave oval fossa directed anterolaterally
• first bone in the body to start to ossify (5th week of and slightly superiorly
gestation) articulates with the head of the
• acts as a strut that holds the arm away from the trunk humerus at the shoulder joint
VIPUntilWhenever👑 AM Page 1 of 8
, ANATOMY
Appendicular Skeleton
Borders • Anatomic neck- below the head
o formed by the groove circumscribing the
• Medial- vertebral border head and separating it from the greater and
o runs parallel to and approx. 5cm lateral to the lesser tubercles
spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae • Greater and Lesser tuberosities- below the neck
• Lateral- axillary o Greater tubercle at the lateral margin
o runs superolaterally toward the apex of the o Lesser tubercle projects anteriorly
axilla • Bicipital groove- intertubercular sulcus
• Superior- thinnest and shortest o separates the greater from lesser tubercle
o marked near the junction of its medial 2/3 and o provides protected passage for the slender
lateral 1/3 by the suprascapular notch tendon of the long head of biceps muscle
(medial to the base of the coracoid process) • Surgical neck- narrow part distal to the head and
tubercles
Angles o where the upper end of humerus joins the
shaft
• Superior- covered by the trapezius muscle
o frequent site of fracture
o located at the approx. level of the T2
• Lateral- thickest part Shaft Landmarks
o bears the head of the scapula
• Inferior- marks the level of the 7th rib and the spine of • Shaft- distal to the surgical neck
the T7 o cylindrical in upper half
o triangular in lower half
Parts o Deltoid tuberosity- roughened elevation
about halfway down the lateral aspect of the
• Body- thin and translucent superior and inferior to the shaft
spine of the scapula and thickens laterally o Radial groove- oblique
• Head- broad and thickest part of the scapula located posteriorly
o found in the lateral/glenoid angle
• Neck- shallow constriction between the head and Distal end Landmarks
body
• Spine- projects backward on the posterior surface • Medial and Lateral epicondylar (supracondylar)
o separates the supraspinous from infraspinous ridges- widened inferior end of the humeral shaft
fossa • Medial and lateral epicondyle- extracapsular
• Acromion- flat lateral extension of the spine formed projections of bones distal to the supracondylar ridges
by the free lateral end of the spine w/c articulates with o medial is larger
the clavicle • Condyles
• Coracoid process- small hook-like structure on the o Capitulum- little head, rounded
lateral edge of superior anterior portion of the scapula located laterally
o projects upward and forward above the for articulation with the head of
glenoid cavity radius
o provides attachment for muscles and o Trochlea- pulley-shaped
ligaments for articulation with the trochlear
notch of ulna
Fossae
• Radial fossa- anterior to the capitulum
o receives the head of radius when the elbow is
flexed
• Coronoid fossa- above the trochlea anteriorly
o during the same movement receives the
coronoid process of ulna
• Olecranon fossa- above the trochlea posteriorly
o receives the olecranon process of ulna when
the elbow joint is extended
HUMERUS
• Arm bone
• articulates w/ scapula at glenohumeral/shoulder joint
and w/ radius and ulna at the elbow joint
Proximal end Landmarks
• Head- spherical, upper end of the humerus that
articulates w/ the glenoid cavity of the scapula
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