High yield and detailed summary of the Circulatory system for convenient and efficient study. This notes contains explanation and must-knows about circulat ion, the heart & related structures in the mediastinum, and the blood vessels of head & neck, upper extremities, thorax, abdomen, pelvis & peri...
Anatomy Comprehensive Notes on Large Intestine, Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Arteries and Veins associated structures
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ANATOMY
Circulatory System
• Large/Elastic artery- smooth out the large
OUTLINE fluctuations in BP created by the heartbeat
I. Circulation o Aorta and its branches
a. Anastomosis Brachiocephalic
i. Artery Subclavian
ii. Other Blood vessels
II. Heart and related structures in Mediastinum Pulmonary
a. Layers of the Heart Beginning of Common carotid and
b. Heart Iliac
i. Parts • Medium/Muscular/Distributive
ii. Surfaces
iii. Grooves/Sulcus on the Cardiac • Arterioles- < 0.5 mm dm
surface
iv. Septum OTHER BLOOD VESSELS
v. Chambers
vi. Blood vessels that arise in the Heart • Vein- vessel that returns blood to the heart
vii. Coronary sinus • Capillaries- where nutrients, wastes, and gases are
viii. Nervous control of the heart exchanged
ix. Sensory innervation of the heart
x. Conducting system of the heart Characteristic Artery Vein
xi. Borders
xii. Auscultation of heart sounds Location Deeper More superficial
III. Blood vessels of the Head and Neck
IV. Blood vessels of the Upper extremities Lumen diameter Narrower Wider
V. Blood vessels of the Thorax
VI. Blood vessels of the Abdomen Wall thickness Thicker Thinner
VII. Blood vessels of the Pelvis and Perineum
Cross-sectional Retains its circular cross- Tends to flatten
VIII. Blood vessels of the Lower extremities
shape sectional shape out/collapse if no blood is
in the vein
CIRCULATION
Thickest tunic Tunica media Tunica externa
• Movement of blood through the vessels of the body
induced by pumping of the heart Blood color Red (oxygenated) Darker (deoxygenated)
• Distributes nutrients and oxygen Present (only arteries receive
Pulse Absent
• Remove waste products pressure coming from the
heart)
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
Elastic & Collagen More than in vein Less than in artery
fibers in tunics
• Pulmonary circulation- carries DEOXYGENATED
blood AWAY from the heart Valves Absent Present in most
o Returns OXYGENATED blood BACK to the
Blood Pressure Higher than veins (Larger Lower than arteries
heart arteries typically >90mmHg) (approx. 2 mmHg)
• Systemic circulation- carries OXYGENATED blood
Blood Oxygen Levels Systemic arteries carry blood Systemic veins carry blood
AWAY from the heart high in O2 low in O2
o Returns DEOXYGENATED blood BACK to *Pulmonary artery-
OXYGENATED Pulmonary arteries carry Pulmonary veins carry
the heart blood low in O2 blood high in O2
*Pulmonary veins-
ANASTOMOSIS DEOXYGENATED
• connection between two blood vessels:
o Arterio-arterial (arteries)
o Veno-venous (veins)
o Arterio-venous (artery and vein)
• Ex: Palmary arch and Scapular arterial anastomosis
• Tributary- smaller veins; vein that empties into a
larger vein
• Terminal branches- most distal stem
o Ex: Terminal branches of ECA and
Abdominal aorta
ARTERY
• Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
• Terminal/End artery- artery that is the ONLY HEART AND RELATED STRUCTURES IN THE
SUPPLY of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue MEDIASTINUM
o Splenic artery- supplies the spleen
• Mediastinum- location of the heart
o Renal artery- supplies the kidneys
BOUNDARIES OF MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
Anterior Fibrous and Parietal layers of the pericardium
Posterior
Superior Horizontal plane through the sternal angle of
louis and IV disc T4-5
Inferior diaphragm
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, ANATOMY
Circulatory System
LAYERS OF THE HEART Pericardial sinuses
• Endocardium- innermost layer • Oblique sinuses- recess formed by the reflection of
o Close proximity w/ blood serous pericardium around the large veins on the
• Myocardium- contractile or Muscle layer posterior surface of the heart
• Pericardium- outermost layer • Transverse sinus- short passage that lies between
o fibro serous sac that encloses the heart and the reflection of serous pericardium around aorta &
the roots of great vessels pulmonary trunk and the reflection around large veins
o Restrict excessive movements of the heart as • form as a consequence of the way the heart bends
a whole
during development
o Serve as a lubricated container in w/c the
different parts of heart can contract Nerve Supply
o Lies w/in the mediastinum, posterior to the
body of the sternum and second to the 6th
• Phrenic nerves- fibrous pericardium and parietal layer
costal cartilages & anterior to the fifth to T8
of serous pericardium
• Branches of sympathetic trunks and vagus
nerves- visceral layer of the serous pericardium
HEART
• Hollow muscular organ that is somewhat pyramid
shaped
• Lies w/in the pericardium in mediastinum
• Connected at its base to the great blood vessels but
otherwise lies free w/in the pericardium
• Has three surfaces:
o Sternocostal (anterior)
o Diaphragmatic (inferior)
o Base (posterior)
Fibrous Pericardium • Has an apex w/c is directed downward, forward and to
the left
• Strong fibrous part of the sac • rests on its diaphragmatic (inferior) surface
• Firmly attached below to the central tendon of the
Weight of the Heart:
diaphragm
• Fuses w/ the outer coats of great blood vessels
• Cardiac weight: 0.45% of body weight in males and
passing through it (aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior &
0.40% in females
inferior venae cava, and pulmonary veins)
o Adult weight is achieved between ages 17-20
• Attached in front to the sternum by the
years
sternopericardial ligaments
• Male: 280-340 g; (Ave: 300 g)
Serous Pericardium • Female: 230-280 g; (Ave: 250g)
• Lines the fibrous pericardium and coats the heart PARTS OF THE HEART
• Parietal layer- lines the fibrous pericardium BASE
o reflected around the roots of the great
vessels to become continuous w/ the visceral • Posterior surface
layer of serous pericardium that closely • Formed mainly by the LA into w/c open the 4
covers the heart pulmonary veins
• Visceral layer/Epicardium- closely applied to the o LA receives oxygenated blood from
heart pulmonary vein
• Pericardial cavity- slit-like space between the parietal • Also made up of small posterior portion of the RA and
and visceral layers proximal parts of the great veins
o contains small amount of tissue fluid about 50 o SVC and IVC- deoxygenated blood
mL called pericardial fluid o Pulmonary veins- oxygenated
acts as a lubricant to facilitate • Fixed posteriorly to the pericardial wall, opposite the
movements of the heart bodies of T5-8 (T6-9 when standing)
• Esophagus lies immediately posterior to the base
APEX
• Formed by LV
• Lies at the level of 5th L IC space, 3.5 in (9 cm) from
midclavicular line (L MCL)
• Apex beat can usually be seen and palpated in this
region
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