Samenvatting Humane Fysiologie (vak: Neuroanatomie En Neurofysiologie (5102VNAN9Y)) Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition, ISBN: 9781292260853, Psychobiologie
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Course
Neuroanatomie En Neurofysiologie (5102VNAN9Y)
Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
Book
Human Anatomy
Een uitgebreide en overzichtelijke samenvatting over alle stof van de hoorcolleges over Humane Fysiologie, hoofdstukken 18, 22, 23 en 25. Ondersteund met veel afbeeldingen.
Inhoud
Introductie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Hart & Circulatie................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Circulatie – waarom en hoe? ........................................................................................................................................ 3
18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits ...................... 3
Hart, vaten en kleppen ................................................................................................................................................. 6
18.2 Heart valves make blood flow in one direction ................................................................................................ 6
Circulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
18.3 Blood flows from atrium to ventricle, and then to either the lungs or the rest of the body ........................... 8
Microscopische bouw ................................................................................................................................................... 9
18.4 Intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle fibers into a functional syncytium ................................................. 9
Elektrische activatie .................................................................................................................................................... 10
18.5 Pacemaker cells trigger action potentials throughout the heart.................................................................... 10
Hartcyclus.................................................................................................................................................................... 16
18.6 The cardiac cycle describes the mechanical events associated with blood flow through the heart.............. 16
18.7 Stroke volume and heart rate are regulated to alter cardiac output ............................................................. 18
Ademhaling ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Structuur en functiue .................................................................................................................................................. 19
22.1 The upper respiratory system warms, humidifies, and filters air; 22.2 The lower respiratory system consists
of conducting and respiratory zone structures; 22.3 Each multilobed lung occupies its own pleural cavity ........ 19
Ademmechanica ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
22.4 Volume changes cause pressure changes, which cause air to move.............................................................. 27
Spirometrie ................................................................................................................................................................. 30
22.5 Measuring respiratory volumes, capacities, and flow rates helps us assess ventilation ................................ 30
Gastransport ............................................................................................................................................................... 34
22.6 Gases exchange by diffusion between the blood, lungs, and tissues; 22.7 Oxygen is transported by
hemoglobin, and carbon dioxide is transported in three different ways ............................................................... 34
Ademregulatie............................................................................................................................................................. 38
22.8 Respiratory centers in the brain ..................................................................................................................... 38
stem control breathing with input from chemoreceptors and higher brain centers ............................................. 38
Spijsvertering .................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Voeding ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Overzicht van onze spijsvertering ............................................................................................................................... 45
Ch. 23, Part 2 Functional anatomy of the digestive system ................................................................................... 45
Van mond naar maag .................................................................................................................................................. 46
, 23.4 Ingestion occurs only at the mouth; 23.5 The pharynx and esophagus move food from the mouth to the
stomach................................................................................................................................................................... 46
In de maag................................................................................................................................................................... 47
23.6 The stomach temporarily stores food and begins protein digestion.............................................................. 47
Dunne darm ................................................................................................................................................................ 50
23.7 The liver secretes bile; the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes; 23.8 The small intestine is the major site
for digestion and absorption; 23.11 How is each type of nutrient processed?...................................................... 50
Dikke darm .................................................................................................................................................................. 56
23.9 The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates feces ................................................................................ 56
Nieren.............................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Functie van de nieren ................................................................................................................................................. 58
Structuur ..................................................................................................................................................................... 59
25.1 The kidneys have three distinct regions and a rich blood supply ................................................................... 59
Het nefron ................................................................................................................................................................... 61
25.2 Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney ............................................................................................ 61
Filtratie, reabsorptie en secretie................................................................................................................................. 61
25.3 Overview: Filtration, absorption, and secretion are the key processes of urine formation........................... 61
Filtratie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 62
25.4 Urine formation, step 1: The glomeruli make filtrate ..................................................................................... 62
Reabsorptie ................................................................................................................................................................. 63
25.5 Urine formation, step 2: Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood ................................................... 63
Secretie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 68
25.6 Urine formation, step 3: Certain substances are secreted into the filtrate.................................................... 68
Osmoregulatie............................................................................................................................................................. 68
25.7 The kidneys create and use an osmotic gradient to regulate urine concentration and volume .................... 68
Nierfunctie .................................................................................................................................................................. 69
25.8 Renal function is evaluated by analyzing blood and urine ............................................................................. 69
Afvoer .......................................................................................................................................................................... 69
25.9 The ureters, bladder, and urethra transport, store, and eliminate urine....................................................... 69
,Introductie
❖ Doel: inleiding tot de humane fysiologie buiten de neurofysiologie
❖ Vier onderwerpen:
➢ Hart & circulatie
➢ Ademhaling
➢ Spijsvertering
➢ Nieren
Hart & Circulatie
Circulatie – waarom en hoe?
18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
❖ We bestaan voor 50-50% uit lichaamsvoch, 42 L
➢ Cell fluid (ICF) en extracellulaire fluid (ECF)
▪ Extracellulaire fluid bestaat uit plasma en interstitual fluid
❖ Plasma: 55% van bloed volume, overige van bloed is rode
bloedcellen, witte bloedcellen en plaatjes
❖ ICF bestaat vooral uit kalium
❖ interstitual en plasma bestaat vooral uit natrium
❖
❖ verschil plasma en interstitieel: eiwitten kunnen bloedvaten niet uit dus plasma heeft meer eiwit
❖ Concentraties opbouw vloeistoffen: ->
, ➢ Is net anders voor tweewaardig ion zoals
calcium:
▪ Deze tabel is in mEq (mii equivalent, een
maat voor de lading, niet voor
concentratie))
▪ 2.5 mmol/L aan Ca2+ geeft 5.0 mEq/L aan
lading
❖ ICF loost zijn afvalstoffen en warmte op ECF
❖ Interstitiele vloeistof loost dat weer op plasma
❖ Voedingstoffen gaan van plasma naar interstitieel
naar intercellulair
❖
❖ Hoe blijft het milieu intérieur (= ECF) op peil?
➢ Circulatie! (met alle regelmechanismen daaromheen)
❖ Het hart is een dubbele pomp
➢ kleine circulatie (‘pulmonale circulatie’)
▪ longen
➢ grote circulatie (‘systemische circulatie’)
▪ overige organen
❖ De twee pompen zijn in serie geschakeld
❖ Functies van circulatie van bloed
➢ Transport
▪ voedingsstoffen, afvalstoffen
▪ cellulaire producten (hormonen, antistoffen)
▪ gassen (O2, CO2)
➢ Regulatie
▪ lichaamstemperatuur
▪ pH-waarde en osmotische balans
➢ Bescherming
▪ tegen bloedverlies (stelping en stolling)
▪ tegen indringers (witte bloedcellen, antilichamen)
❖ Grote circulatie
➢ hogedruksysteem
➢ lokale perfusie van organen
➢ aanvoeren voldoende zuurstof
➢ aanvoeren voldoende voedingsstoffen
❖ Kleine circulatie
➢ lagedruksysteem
➢ oxygenatie bloed
➢ verwijdering CO2
❖ Waar stroomt ons bloed heen?
➢ ‘Rest and Digest’: meeste naar spieren, nieren,
adbomen organen. Circulatie 5 L / min
➢ ‘Fight or Flight’: veel naar spieren en huid. Circultie
17.5 L/min
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