Dit is een uitgebreide Nederlandse samenvatting van het vak Evolutie en Genetica op Maastricht University. Deze samenvatting bevat stof van drie boeken, de college's en de artikelen.
Alles nodig voor het vak evolutie en genetica aan mu
June 29, 2021
July 1, 2021
58
2020/2021
Summary
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evolutie
genetica
genen
biologie
mu
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Maastricht University (UM)
Bachelor Psychology
Evolutie En Genetica (PSY1030)
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EVOLUTION & GENETICS
Samenvatting
Rik
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Problem 1: The long road from genes to behavior ................................................................................. 4
Leerdoelen:.............................................................................................................................................. 4
The phentotype ....................................................................................................................................... 4
The genotype ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Classical genetics ................................................................................................................................. 5
The central dogma............................................................................................................................... 5
Mitoses and meiosis ............................................................................................................................ 6
Synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication ..................................................................... 8
The genetic code ............................................................................................................................... 11
Transcription and translation ................................................................................................................ 12
Transcription ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Translation......................................................................................................................................... 12
The genome: most DNA is not genes ................................................................................................ 13
Non-coding DNA ................................................................................................................................ 13
Evolution of genome size .................................................................................................................. 13
Mitchondrial DNA .............................................................................................................................. 14
Genetic variation ................................................................................................................................... 14
Sexual reproduction shuffles the pack .............................................................................................. 14
Independent segregation and linkage ............................................................................................... 14
Mutation creates genetic variation ................................................................................................... 15
Substitution ................................................................................................................................... 15
Repeat expansions and contractions ............................................................................................ 15
Transposable element insertions and segmental duplications ..................................................... 15
Whole genome duplication ........................................................................................................... 15
The extent of genetic diversity and its effect on the phenotype ...................................................... 15
From genotype to phenotype ............................................................................................................... 16
Article: From genes to brain to antisocial behavior .............................................................................. 18
Article: The seductive allure of behavioral epigenetics ........................................................................ 19
Article: Epigenetics and development: understanding how epigenetics works at the molecular level can
be mind-boggling................................................................................................................................... 20
Article: Genes in context: gene-environment interplay and the origins of individual differences in
behavior................................................................................................................................................. 21
Problem 2: Peas, genes and interheritance .......................................................................................... 22
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 22
Polygenic interheritance ....................................................................................................................... 22
,Interheritance does not work by blending ............................................................................................ 22
Mendelian genetics ............................................................................................................................... 23
Genetic drift....................................................................................................................................... 28
Complex traits ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Quantitative genetics ............................................................................................................................ 29
Article: top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics ................................................................ 31
Article: The case of the missing heritability .......................................................................................... 32
Task 3: Genes and natural selection in populations.............................................................................. 33
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 33
Malthus: checks on reproduction and competition to reproduce ........................................................ 33
Natural selection at the genotypic level................................................................................................ 33
Modes of selection ................................................................................................................................ 34
Selection and variation .......................................................................................................................... 35
Heterozygote advantage ................................................................................................................... 35
Negative frequency-dependent selection ......................................................................................... 36
Force of mutation .............................................................................................................................. 36
Inconsistent selection........................................................................................................................ 36
Sexually antagonistic selection.......................................................................................................... 36
Selection and adaptation ...................................................................................................................... 36
Constraints on optimality ...................................................................................................................... 36
How to test adaptationist hypotheses .................................................................................................. 37
Reverse engineering and optimality models ..................................................................................... 37
Experimental manipulation and experiments of nature ................................................................... 37
Comparative evidence ....................................................................................................................... 37
Getting natural selection clear .............................................................................................................. 37
Sex differences ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Bateman’s principle ........................................................................................................................... 38
Intrasexual competition and sexual dimorphism in size ................................................................... 38
Female choice and ornamentation ................................................................................................... 38
Seks-role reversal .............................................................................................................................. 38
Pluralism in sexual strategies ................................................................................................................ 39
Sexual selection and mate choice in humans........................................................................................ 39
Article: Evaluating evidence of psychological adaptation ..................................................................... 39
Article: Handedness, homicide and negative frequency-dependent selection .................................... 40
Task 4: The problem of cooperation ..................................................................................................... 42
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 42
, Group selection ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Implications ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Kin selection .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness ........................................................................ 43
Example: alarm calling in prairie dogs ............................................................................................... 44
Limitaties ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Cooperation ........................................................................................................................................... 45
By-product benefits ........................................................................................................................... 45
Direct reciprocity ............................................................................................................................... 45
Indirect reciprocity ............................................................................................................................ 45
Punishment ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Artikel: Evolution of eusociality............................................................................................................. 47
Article: Ecolutionary theory and the ultimate-proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences
............................................................................................................................................................... 48
Article: The evolution of human cooperation ....................................................................................... 49
Article: Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game ........... 49
Task 5: What makes humans typically human? .................................................................................... 50
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 50
Social brain hypothesis .......................................................................................................................... 50
Humans as primates .............................................................................................................................. 50
The primate phylogeny ..................................................................................................................... 50
Origins of Homo sapiens ................................................................................................................... 51
What makes humans different .............................................................................................................. 52
Genen die belangrijk zijn in hetgeen mensen onderscheidt van andere soorten ........................ 54
Article: Evolution in the social brain...................................................................................................... 54
Article: Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: the cultural intelligence hypothesis
............................................................................................................................................................... 54
Supporting document: Gene that makes human brain unique identified by scientists ....................... 57
Supporting document: Is fruit eating responsible for big brains? ........................................................ 57
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