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These notes were curated by an A* predicted student. It contains summarised notes on all relevant sub-topics that appear in the Contemporary Urban Environments specification.
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Key Notes AQA Human Geography A Level: Contemporary Urban Environments
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AQA
Geography
Human Geography
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Global patterns of urbanisation 3
Keywords: 3
Facts 3
The 19th Century Industrial Revolution
Industrialisation led to a huge demand for labour in mining and manufacturing
centres. 4
Post 1945 Urbanisation
Mid 20th Century Urbanisation in the Developing World 4
The Importance of urban centres in human affairs 4
Forms of urbanisation 4
Keywords: 5
Issues with Suburbanisation 5
Why sometimes green belts aren’t successful 6
Megacities and world cities 6
Megacities 6
World cities 6
Bengaluru case study 7
Urban change 10
Deindustrialisation 10
Decentralisation 11
Rise of service economy 11
Factors that have driven the tertiary sector: 11
Why these ‘post industrial’ economies haven’t benefited us all 12
Such a structural shift in employment in HDE’s was prompted by : 12
Urban characteristics of LA & Mumbai 17
Key ideas 17
Comparing characteristics between LA and Mumbai 18
To what extent do Los Angeles and Mumbai share similar urban characteristics/form?
19
Urban microclimates 19
Keywords 19
Urban heat island 20
Why do urban areas have more precipitation than rural areas? 20
Urban precipitation and wind 20
Fog 20
Thunderstorms 21
Wind 21
Anticyclones 21
Urban air pollution 22
Drainage Management 23
Hard vs soft engineering 23
Lamb Drove - SUDS 25
Bristol-Brownfield Regeneration 25
Global waste trade 26
Manila 26
Rio 27
Stratford, London 28
,Global patterns of urbanisation
Keywords:
Urbanisation: the increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas
compared to rural areas
Urban growth: the increase in the total population of a town or city
Urban expansion: the increase in size or geographical footprint of a city
Millionaire cities: a city with over 1 million residents
Remember: A city may experience urban growth and expansion, but if the growth is matched
by population increases in rural areas, then urbanisation is not occurring.
Facts
More than 50% of the world’s population currently live in urban areas (3.4 billion people) and
more than 80% of the UK population live in urban areas.
● Urbanisation has occurred rapidly over the last 60 years.
● 20% live in cities of more than one million people.
● The most urbanised continents are Europe, North America,
● South America and Oceania; the least urbanised are Asia and Africa.
● Urbanisation is increasing most rapidly in Africa and Asia.
This trend is expected to continue so that by 2025 almost half the population of these
continents will live in urban areas and 80% of urban dwellers will live in developing countries.
The proportion living in urban
areas is less in Low Income
Countries than that of richer
countries.
● It is usually young people
who move to cities to find work.
These people have children in
the cities which increases the
proportion of the population living
in urban areas.
● Urban areas have better
healthcare, service accessibility
and life expectancy.
● Urban growth is facilitated
by economic, social,
, technological, political and demographic processes.
These processes provide incentives, encouraging people to move to urban areas . For
instance, the greater exposure to new technologies, cultures and job opportunities may
entice economic migrants to move to cities for a better quality of life
The 19th Century Industrial Revolution
Industrialisation led to a huge demand for labour in mining and manufacturing centres.
● Large scale moves to the towns and subsequent large scale growth.
● This led to high-density housing (e.g. terraced), overcrowding and problems of health,
pollution and deprivation.
● By 1850 only 3 ‘millionaire cities’ existed – Peking, London and Paris.
Post 1945 Urbanisation
Mid 20th Century Urbanisation in the Developing World
● Post 1950 LICs began to urbanise mainly due to them gaining independence from
the colonial countries like the UK, France and Spain.
● Natural growth rate of population was also increasing rapidly leading to
uncontrolled growth of cities.
The Importance of urban centres in human affairs
Cities are not only important as centres of the population but they also influence and shape
our lives at every level.
They are important for:
● the organisation of economic production, for example, concentration of financial
services
● the exchange of ideas and creative thinking, for example, universities
● social and cultural centres, for example. theatres and national stadia
● centres of political power and decision making. for example. The seat of
government.
Forms of urbanisation
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