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Cooperation (and conflict) Part 2
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Cooperative behaviours
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Lecture 9- Cooperation (and conflict)Part 2
Kin selection can’t explain all cooperative behaviour…
Interspecific hunting associations, e.g. Grouper and moray eel
We can find cooperation between different species
No related
Grouper finds moral eel
Entice eel
Goes to another place and indicate where eel should look
Eel follows grouper
Eel gets into rocks and attacks prey grouper cant get to
Grouper identify prey object
Recruited moray eel
Attracts tor right place
Eel can get into rocks
Chase out prey
Both can eat the prey
Dotted humming frog and the burrowing tarantula
Associate together
Small frog
Frog benefits by being ablate eat any dropped prey items from tarantula
Protection from predators that might want to eat it
Frog can eat ants that might attack tarantula eggs
Why cooperative behaviours are perplexing…
Game theory - Prisoner’s dilemma
Is cooperation an ESS?
No, cooperation pays, but a mutant “defector” would benefit more from the cooperation of others…in
fact defect is an ESS
What if we change the payoffs?
By product benefits/ mutualism - cooperation arising out of a self-interested act
A cooperative hunting game (“Prisoner’s Delight”)
, Individuals can:
Hunt and cooperate
Not hunt and free ride,take advantage of prey items
Under these conditions
Is either strategy an ESS?
E(I,I) > E(J,I) or E(hunt, hunt) > E(don’t hunt, hunt)
Payoff for individual playing hunt vs hunt- pay off is greater than if an individual is free riding vs an
individual who is hunting
“Hunt” is an ESS, E(hunt,don’t) > E(don’t,hunt)
-> mutual benefits and no temptation to cheat
Pay off is greater if you hunt
Free rider- cost is not great
Even though there is a bit of a benefit to the one not hunting the cost isn't large so both better off
hunting
Get bigger prey or more prey items
Example - American white pelicans, hunt most successful in groups of 2-30
Can hunt on their own
Do better as individuals if they group together
Surround and confuse prey
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