This assignment is the Learning aim D of the unit 14 module in my BTEC level 3 Applied science course. I received a DISTINCTION in this assignment awarded to me by my teacher. I discuss the health and safety of chemicals used in each experiment and the method I have carried out in detail. I assesse...
Unit 14: Applications of organic chemistry
Learning Aim D: Investigate organic chemistry reactions in order to gain skills in preparative organic
chemistry
Selin Guler
Assignment Title: Making Designer chemicals
P5: Carry out practical (complete)
P6: Explain chemical reactions carried out
1) Compound without a carbonyl
The compound without a carbonyl functional group reaction I prepared was halogenoalkane from
alcohol. In this preparation I synthesised an organic liquid. The mechanism in this reaction was a
nucleophilic substitution of the alcohol in order to have the product halogenoalkane. This reaction has
3 parts: preparation, separation and further oxidation. The reaction mechanism for this reaction is a
nucleophilic substitution of an alcohol to make a halogenoalkane.
R-OH --> R-X
Alcohol + hydrochloric acid --> haloalkane + water
2-methylpropan-2-ol + hydrochloric acid --> 2-chloro,2-methyl propane + water
Balanced equation:
(CH3)3COH + HCl -> (CH3)3C-Cl + H2O
Health and safety:
The health and safety actions that should be carried out is that goggles, lab coat and plastic gloves
should be worn. The hydrochloric acid used in this reaction is corrosive and can cause irreversible
damage to skin and therefore gloves must be worn for protection. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
solution and anhydrous sodium sulphate are both irritants meaning they do reversible damage but,
like with the corrosive solution, gloves should still be worn to prevent irritation and burns on skin.
The gloves should be a nitrile disposable gloves. The 2-methylpropan-2-ol is a flammable and a
harmful solution, therefore should be kept away from flames and hands should be washed
immediately if contact is made. A lab coat and goggles should be worn at all times to protect eyes
from these harmful solutions and to protect clothes as some of the chemical can stain fabric. Long
hair should be always tied up to avoid it being a distraction to the student. Bags and coats should
be put away to prevent incidents occurring.
Method:
1. Preparation
The preparation procedure of halogenoalkane from alcohol is that the first step of the procedure is that
I had to ensure that I have carried out the health and safety steps before we begin. Firstly, I had to
pour the 6.5cm3 of 2-methylpropan-2-ol into the 10cm3 measuring cylinder and measure it on the scale
which showed 23.331g. I then poured the 2-methylpropan-2-ol into a 50cm3 separating funnel and
then measured the mass of the empty cylinder which was 18.488g. I used this value to calculate the
mass of the 2-methylpropan-2-ol fluid which was 4.843g. After this, I measured 20cm 3 of
concentrated hydrochloric acid into a 50cm 3 measuring cylinder. I slowly added this hydrochloric acid
gradually into the separating funnel which contained 2-methylpropan-2-ol over a period of two
minutes. Whilst I added this acid in, I observed the reaction that occurred which was steam coming
off when two solutions made contact with each other and visible fizzing taking place. After all the
hydrochloric acid was poured into the separating funnel, I placed a stopper and shook it gently every 5
minutes for 4 times in a period of 20 minutes, releasing the pressure in the funnel each time.
2. Separation
, Unit 14: Applications of organic chemistry
Learning Aim D: Investigate organic chemistry reactions in order to gain skills in preparative organic
chemistry
Selin Guler
For the separation procedure of halogenoalkane from alcohol, I waited for the two layers to visibly be
separated in the separating funnel. I removed the stopper I have inserted in the first part and opened
the tap on the separating funnel in order to run the bottom aqueous layer in the funnel into a clean
100cm3 conical flask. After all the bottom layer was in the conical flask, I carried out the third step in
which I slowly added 10cm3 of 5% sodium hydrogencarbonate solution to the organic layer that
remained in the separating funnel which caused fizzing and gradually increased. After the fizzing
stopped, I inserted a stopper into the funnel once again and shook it gently. Whilst I shook the
contents gas got produced inside so I had to remove the stopper to let the pressure get released. I
shook it again but faster this time round and let the pressure get released the second time. When two
layers were separated again, I removed the stopper from the separating funnel and then opened the tap
like before to remove the bottom aqueous layer. I repeated the third to recent step until no more gas
got given out when I released the pressure by removing the stopper. After I ensured that no more gas
was getting given off, I added 10cm3 of distilled water into the separating funnel and shook it again. I
once again turned the tap again to remove the lower aqueous layer. After I removed the bottom layer,
I put a 100cm3 clean conical flask under the funnel and let the organic layer run into it. The organic
layer is the product of this specific reaction. The drying agent was the anhydrous sodium sulfate
which acted as a drying agent in order to remove any traces of water. I swirled the flask after very
addition of this liquid until the solution became completely clear and the sodium sulfate didn’t form
clumps anymore.
3. Further oxidation
To carry this procedure out I had to set up the distillation apparatus and measure the mass of a clean,
dry sample tube and its lid which was 40.602g. I then decanted the impure organic product to the flask
and added some anti-bump granules. I then proceeded to heat the liquid in the flask gently with a
small Bunsen burner. I used a small beaker to get any liquid impurities which got distilled over. I
made sure thermometer was in the flask before heating it so I can be sure that it only got heated close
48°C and nothing over that as the boiling point of the product is 51°C. When it was close to 48°C, I
collected the liquid via a sample tube. I proceeded to heat the product until the temperature rose to
53°C as this is when it got to the evaporating stage and no more liquid was left in the flask. After I
stopped the distillation, I put the lid on the sample tube in order to weight it to calculate its mass
which was 42.629g meaning the mass of the product inside the tube was 2.027g
2) Compound with carbonyl
The compound with a carbonyl I prepared was aldehyde from alcohol. The carbonyl functional group
involved in this reaction was –OH group. The reaction mechanism for this reaction was oxidation.
Ethanol + oxygen --> ethanal + water
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