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Summary table for Respiratory
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Pathology Due to: Symptoms: CXR ManagementPleural Effusion: Bacterial/Viral infection, cancer, embolus Auscultation: Plural Rub Meniscal Line, White Thoracentesis-Intercostal Drain (5th IC space), pigtail- analysis
Excess fluid in pleural (creaky door), Dry Cough, matter homogenous, fluid-lights criteria-transudate/exudate., Possibly pleurodesis
cavity +WOB (stops lung fully Diaphragm possibly (talc/surgical) /pleurectomy.
expanding), Dyspnoea, Pain- curved up.
worse on Insp (phrenic
nerve in pleura),
Empyema- collection Infection that spreads from lung: Bacterial Pain- worse on Insp (phrenic Meniscal Line, White Antibiotics, Thoracentesis- ICD/pigtail- depending on viscosity
of pus in pleural Pneumonia, abscess, surgery, trauma nerve in pleura), Dry cough matter homogenous, of pus, Decortication- peel away lining of lung if does not
cavity- areas of (as pus in pleural cavity), Diaphragm possibly expand properly. if pus thick.
hardened pus called SOB, +WOB, night sweats, curved down/flat.
organising. weight loss.
Pneumothorax: SPONTANEOUS-tear in visceral pleura Pain (from parietal pleura), No Lung markings on one ICD inserted to restore negative intrapleural pressure. If
presence of air in the (usually tall, thin young men). Breathlessness as only using side, Carina/trachea shift persistent may need pleurodesis. Adequate Analgesia, Gentle
intrapleural space. TRAUMATIC: hole created from outside 1 lung, + WOB, - Breath to good lung, mediastinal shoulder ROM exercises, Thoracic postural advice, + lung
One way valve through parietal pleura—LOSS OF sounds, Hypoxemic as less shift (tension volume with deep breaths, positioning, breathing control
allowing air in on Insp NEGATIVE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE surface area for O2 pneumothorax away from
and closes on Exp exchange, Dyspnoea good lung, can cause
cardiac arrest due to
pressure on heart)
Pneumonia: Invasion of spaces between cells and Cough due to inflammation Homogenous white area, Antibiotics, Analgesia, High flow o2 therapy (not effective as
inflammation of lung alveoli by microorganisms and the + irritation, Chest pain can also have pleural still have shunt), hydration, Use of positioning/POE to maximise
parenchyma response to that infection by lymphocytes (parietal pleura), fever, SOB, effusion, empyema, V/Q, Possibly ventilator support, if productive- airway clearance
associated with allowing exudate fluid to leak into alveoli rapid shallow breathing, abscess. techniques. breathing control
alveolar filling with maintaining their patency. haemoptysis, weight loss,
exudate. – idiopathic, CONSOLIDATION. Affected alveoli no possibly sputum production. High levels of FiO2 if required- 40-60% via venturi mask, Target
trauma, longer used for ventilation – causing Increased bronchial breath saturation 94-98%
hypoxaemia. sound over consolidated
-Fick’s Law: Concentration/pressure area, coarse crackles, darth
gradient, Gas solubility, thickness of Vadar- breath sounds from
membrane, surface area of membrane= all trachea/main airways.
affected by 02 not getting through, V/Q
COUPLING= reduced and also HPVC
reversed by inflammatory cytokines
producing shunt. NB
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