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Samenvatting Kwalitatieve methoden in pedagogisch onderzoek
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Samenvatting Kwalitatieve methoden in pedagogisch onderzoek
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InhoudInleiding..................................................................................................................................................5
1 Hoofdstuk 1: Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?........................................................................................5
2 Hoofdstuk 2: Conceptueel kader.......................................................................................................10
2.1 Micro/macro context..................................................................................................................11
2.2 Doelen & onderzoeker................................................................................................................13
2.3 Onderzoeksfenomeen................................................................................................................13
2.4 Individuen...................................................................................................................................15
2.5 Groepen......................................................................................................................................15
3 Theoretisch kader..............................................................................................................................16
3.1 De rol van theorie in kwalitatief onderzoek................................................................................16
3.2 Theoretisch kader.......................................................................................................................16
3.3 Reflexiviteit & dialoog.................................................................................................................20
4 onderzoeksdesign en vraagstelling....................................................................................................21
4.1 ONDERZOEKSDESIGN..................................................................................................................21
5 onderzoeksbenaderingen..................................................................................................................33
5.1 onderzoeksbenadering?.............................................................................................................34
5.2 vijf onderzoeksbenaderingen:....................................................................................................34
5.2.1 De narratieve onderzoeksbenadering..................................................................................35
5.2.2 Fenomenologie....................................................................................................................40
5.2.3 Grounded theory.................................................................................................................45
5.2.4 Etnografie............................................................................................................................50
5.2.5 Case study............................................................................................................................54
5.3 de verschillende benaderingen bekeken....................................................................................58
5.3.1 Hoe kiezen?.........................................................................................................................58
5.3.2 Tot slot: welke ob past bij uitstek bij welke topic? (zie ook werkcolleges)..........................58
6 dataverzameling................................................................................................................................59
6.1 hoofdstuk 4: planmatigheid & reflexiviteit.................................................................................60
6.2 hoofdstuk 4: kiezen/selectie van onderzoekssetting (tijd en plaats) & participanten (“sampling”)
..........................................................................................................................................................63
7 hoofdstuk 5: concrete methodes van dataverzameling.....................................................................70
7.1 interviews...................................................................................................................................70
7.1.1 Wat zijn interviews?............................................................................................................70
7.1.2 Waarom interviews?............................................................................................................70
1
, 7.1.3 Kenmerken (voor alle dataverzamelingsmethoden, niet enkel kenmerken voor interview
alleen)...........................................................................................................................................71
7.1.4 Types....................................................................................................................................72
7.1.5 Types....................................................................................................................................74
7.1.6 Voor, tijdens en na het interview.........................................................................................74
7.1.7 Nog een aantal algemene tips.............................................................................................74
7.1.8 Sterktes en uitdagingen.......................................................................................................75
7.2 observaties/field notes...............................................................................................................75
7.2.1 Wat zijn observaties?...........................................................................................................75
7.2.2 Field notes: het registreren van observaties........................................................................75
7.2.3 Types field notes..................................................................................................................76
7.2.4 Observaties..........................................................................................................................77
7.2.5 Wat observeren?.................................................................................................................77
7.2.6 Over participeren.................................................................................................................77
7.2.7 Sterktes & uitdagingen........................................................................................................78
7.3 focusgroepen..............................................................................................................................79
7.3.1 Wat is een focusgroep?.......................................................................................................79
7.3.2 Oorsprong............................................................................................................................79
7.3.3 Hoe (g)een focusgroep runnen?..........................................................................................80
7.3.4 Een focusgroep doen...........................................................................................................80
7.3.5 Alternatieve vormen van focusgroep’en: meer structuur....................................................81
7.3.6 Sterktes & uitdagingen (ook in vgl. met interviews)............................................................82
7.4 documenten...............................................................................................................................82
7.4.1 Voorbeeld 1: tijdschriften....................................................................................................82
7.4.2 Voorbeeld 2: websites.........................................................................................................83
7.4.3 Voorbeeld 3: etnografie.......................................................................................................83
7.4.4 Van belang...........................................................................................................................83
7.4.5 Sterktes & uitdagingen........................................................................................................83
7.5 survey.........................................................................................................................................84
7.6 Participatorische methoden.......................................................................................................84
7.6.1 Wat zijn participatorische methoden?.................................................................................84
7.6.2 Voorbeeld 1: photovoice.....................................................................................................84
7.6.3 Voorbeeld 2: gemeeenschapsgebaseerde mondelinge getuigenissen (“CBOT”).................85
7.6.4 cbot......................................................................................................................................85
7.6.5 Voorbeeld 3: mappen van sociaal netwerk, gemeenschap, instutie(s)................................86
7.6.6 Besluit..................................................................................................................................86
2
,8 ethiek.................................................................................................................................................87
8.1 relationele ethiek........................................................................................................................88
8.1.1 relationele- eerder dan procedurele- ethiek........................................................................88
8.1.2 Waarom formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek? (IRB & Commissies,
gedragscode?)..............................................................................................................................89
8.1.3 Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen: is er wel een probleem?.......................90
8.1.4 Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen: wel degelijk een belangrijke kwestie....90
8.2 ethische commissies...................................................................................................................91
8.2.1 Ethische commisie: voor het onderzoek van start gaat.......................................................92
8.2.2 Aan het begin van het onderzoek........................................................................................92
8.2.3 Tijdens het onderzoek.........................................................................................................93
8.2.4 Tijdens en na het onderzoek................................................................................................93
8.2.5 Doorheen het onderzoek.....................................................................................................95
8.2.6 Conclusie..............................................................................................................................96
9 data-analyse......................................................................................................................................97
9.1 deel 1: een integratieve benadering...........................................................................................97
9.1.1 Data-analyse........................................................................................................................97
9.1.2 Wat is kwalitatieve data-analyse (QDA)?.............................................................................97
9.1.3 Hoe qda kritisch benaderen?...............................................................................................98
9.1.4 Analyse vs. interpretatie......................................................................................................98
9.1.5 Processen van QDA: hoe je data beginnen te begrijpen? (“making sense of”)....................99
9.1.6 Een integratieve benadering tov qda.................................................................................100
9.1.7 Besluit................................................................................................................................102
9.2 deel twee: methoden en processen van data-analyse..............................................................103
9.2.1 Data-analyse: een proces gestoeld op drie poten..............................................................103
9.2.2 connecterende strategieën................................................................................................105
9.2.3 Ontwikkelen, onderzoeken en ‘vetten’ van thema’s..........................................................105
9.2.4 Analyse & validiteit............................................................................................................106
9.2.5 Valkuilen in qda.................................................................................................................106
9.2.6 De schrijfpoot....................................................................................................................106
9.3 transcriberen............................................................................................................................107
9.3.1 Wat is transciberen?..........................................................................................................107
9.3.2 Wat komt in transcripts?...................................................................................................108
9.3.3 Praktische tips....................................................................................................................108
10 hoofdstuk 6: kwaliteit/validiteit....................................................................................................108
10.1 kwaliteit: waarde, doel, proces...............................................................................................108
3
, 10.1.1 Criteria voor kwaliteit......................................................................................................109
10.2 types validiteit (>DA!).............................................................................................................109
10.3 Strategieën.............................................................................................................................110
11 Epiloog...........................................................................................................................................110
11.1 4 ‘horizontals’.........................................................................................................................110
11.1.1 Criticality..........................................................................................................................111
11.1.2 Reflexiviteit......................................................................................................................111
11.1.3 Collaboratie.....................................................................................................................111
11.1.4 Rigoureus.........................................................................................................................111
Kwalitatieve methoden in pedagogisch onderzoek
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