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Homeostasis and Response
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Cells are the basic building blocks that make up all living organisms. Specialised cells carry out aparticular function. They are formed during differentiation, which occurs during the development of
a multicellular organism. Specialised cells form tissue, which form organs, which forms organ
systems
A tissue is s group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function:
Muscular tissue- contracts to move whatever is attached to it
Glandular tissue- makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue- covers some parts of the body
An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
An organs systems is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function, e.g.:
Glands/Pancreas/Salivary Glands- produce digestive juices
Stomach- digest food
Liver-produces bile
Small intestine- absorbs soluble foods molecules
Large intestine- absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces
Living things have thousands of different chemical reaction going inside them. Living things produce
enzymes that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes reduce the need for high temperature and we
only have enzymes to speed up useful reactions in our body. Enzymes are large proteins and all
proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. These chains are folded into unique shapes, which
enzymes need to do their jobs.
Catalyst-a substance that increases the speed of reaction, without being changed or used up in the
reaction.
Chemical reaction usually involve things either being split apart or joined together. Every enzyme
has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction. Enzymes
are really picky, they usually only catalyse
one specific reaction because for the
enzyme to work, the substrate has to fit
into his active site. If the substrate doesn’t
match the enzyme’s active site, then the
reaction won’t be catalysed.
Changing the temperature changes the rate
of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. A higher
temperature increases the rate at first but
if it gets too hot it will change the shapes of
the enzyme’s active site and denature it. If
the pH is too high or too low it will also
affect the bond of the enzymes. This
changes the active site and denatures the
enzyme.
Rate= 1000/time
, Starch, protein and fats are big molecules. They are too big to pass through the walls of the digestive
systems, so digestive enzymes break down these big molecules down into smaller ones like sugar,
amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids. These smaller, soluble molecules can pass easily through the
walls of the digestive systems, allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Amylase- converts carbohydrates into simple sugars. It is made in
the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
Protease- converts protein into amino acid. It is made in the
stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Lipase- converts lipids (fats and oils) into glycerol and fatty acids. It
is made in the pancreas and small intestine
Bile is produces in the liver. It’s stored in the gall bladder before it’s
released into the small intestine. The hydrochloric acid in the stomach
makes the pH too acidic but the bile neutralises it as it is alkaline and
makes the conditions alkaline where enzymes work the best. It also
emulsifies fats.
The thorax is the top part of
your body. It’s separated
from the lower part of the
body by the diaphragm. The
lungs are like big pink
sponges, which are
protected by the ribcage
and surrounded by the
pleural membranes. The air
that we breathe in goes
through the trachea. This
splits into progressively
smaller tubes called bronchi
(each one is a bronchus),
one going to each lung. The
bronchi spilt into
progressively smaller tubes
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