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Samenvatting Psychopathologie (Psychiatrie, een inleiding)
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InhoudsopgaveHoofdstuk 1 introductie..........................................................................................................................9
1.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................9
1.1.1 Wat is afwijkend gedrag?.......................................................................................................9
1.2 Hoe noemen en definiëren we afwijkend gedrag?.......................................................................9
1.2.1 Criteria voor afwijkend gedrag...............................................................................................9
1.1.3 Culturele verschillen van afwijkend gedrag.........................................................................10
1.3 Historische visies op afwijkend gedrag.......................................................................................10
1.3.1 Hippocrates..........................................................................................................................10
1.3.2 Arabische psychiatrie...........................................................................................................10
1.3.3 Exorcisme en heksenvervolgingen.......................................................................................10
1.3.4 Gekkenhuizen......................................................................................................................11
1.3.5 Vanaf 1800: hervormingen..................................................................................................11
1.3.6 De anti-psychiatrische beweging.........................................................................................11
1.3.7 Hedendaagse trends............................................................................................................11
1.3.8 Evidence based medicine.....................................................................................................11
1.3.9 Conclusie..............................................................................................................................11
1.4 Ethiek in onderzoek....................................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 2 Visies op afwijkend gedrag en behandelmethoden.........................................................12
2.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Het biologische perspectief........................................................................................................12
2.2.1 Het zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................12
2.2.2 Evaluatie van de biologische perspectieven........................................................................14
2.3 Het psychologische perspectief..................................................................................................14
2.3.1 Psychodynamische modellen...............................................................................................14
2.3.2 Leermodellen.......................................................................................................................16
2.3.3 Cognitieve modellen............................................................................................................17
2.3.4 Humanistische modellen.....................................................................................................17
2.4 Het sociaal-culturele perspectief................................................................................................18
2.5 Het biopsychosociale perspectief...............................................................................................18
2.5.1 Diathese-stressmodel..........................................................................................................18
2.5.2 Evaluatie van biopsychosociale perspectief.........................................................................18
2.6 Behandelmethoden....................................................................................................................18
2.7 Soorten hulpverleners................................................................................................................18
2.8 Psychotherapie...........................................................................................................................18
, 2.8.1 Psychoanalyse en psychodynamische therapie...................................................................18
2.8.2 Humanistische therapie.......................................................................................................19
2.8.3 Gedragstherapie..................................................................................................................19
2.8.4 Cognitieve therapie..............................................................................................................19
2.8.5 Cognitieve gedragstherapie.................................................................................................20
2.8.6 Groeps-gezins-en relatietherapie........................................................................................20
2.8.7 Evaluatie van psychotherapeutische methoden..................................................................20
2.8.8 Ethische aspecten van psychotherapie................................................................................21
2.9 Biologische georiënteerde therapieën........................................................................................21
2.9.1 Medicatie.............................................................................................................................21
2.9.2 Andere biologische interventies..........................................................................................21
2.9.3 Evaluatie van biologische benaderingen..............................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 3 Classificatie en beoordeling van afwijkende emoties, gedachten en gedrag...................22
3.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Classificatie van afwijkende gedragspatronen............................................................................22
3.2.1 De DSM en modellen van afwijkend gedrag........................................................................22
3.3 Kenmerken van DSM..................................................................................................................22
3.3.1 Evaluatie op het DSM-systeem............................................................................................22
3.3.2 De voor-en nadelen van het DSM-systeem..........................................................................23
3.4 Beoordelingsmethoden..............................................................................................................23
3.4.1 Het klinische interview.........................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Psychologische tests............................................................................................................23
3.4.3 Neuropsychologische beoordeling.......................................................................................24
3.4.4 Gedragsbeoordeling............................................................................................................24
3.4.5 Fysiologische beoordeling en beeldende technieken..........................................................24
3.4.6 De rol van socioculturele factoren bij psychologische diagnostiek......................................25
Hoofdstuk 7 Stemmingsstoornissen en zelfmoord...............................................................................25
7.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................25
7.2 Typen stemmingsstoornissen.....................................................................................................25
7.2.1 Depressie.............................................................................................................................25
7.2.2. Persisterende depressieve stoornis (dysthymie)................................................................26
7.2.3 Premenstruele stemmingsstoornis......................................................................................26
7.2.4 Bipolaire stoornis.................................................................................................................26
7.2.5. Cyclothyme stoornis...........................................................................................................27
7.3 Welke factoren spelen een rol bij het ontstaan van depressieve stoornissen?..........................27
7.3.1 Stress en stemmingsstoornissen..........................................................................................27
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, 7.3.2 Biologische factoren............................................................................................................27
7.3.3 Biochemische factoren........................................................................................................28
7.3.4 Psychodynamische theorieën..............................................................................................28
7.3.5 Humanistische theorieën.....................................................................................................28
7.3.6 Leertheorieën......................................................................................................................28
7.3.7 Cognitieve theorieën...........................................................................................................28
7.4 Behandeling van stemmingsstoornissen.....................................................................................29
7.4.1 Psychodynamische therapie................................................................................................29
7.4.2 Gedragstherapie..................................................................................................................29
7.4.3 Cognitieve gedragstherapie.................................................................................................30
7.4.4 Biomedische behandelingen................................................................................................30
7.5 Zelfmoord...................................................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 4 Stress gerelateerde stoornissen.......................................................................................31
4.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................31
4.1.1. Stress..................................................................................................................................31
4.2 Stress en gezondheid..................................................................................................................31
4.2.1 Stress en de hypothalamus-hypofyse-bijnier-as..................................................................31
4.2.2 Stress en het immuunsysteem.............................................................................................32
4.2.3 Het algemeen aanpassingssydroom....................................................................................32
4.2.4 Acculturatiestress................................................................................................................32
4.2.5 Psychische factoren die stress verlichten............................................................................33
4.3 Aanpassingsstoornissen..............................................................................................................34
4.3.1 Aanpassingsstoornis: normaal of afwijkend?.......................................................................34
4.4 Traumatische stressstoornissen..................................................................................................34
4.4.1 Theoretische perspectieven.................................................................................................35
4.4.2 Behandelmethoden.............................................................................................................35
Hoofdstuk 5 Angststoornissen en obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis....................................................35
5.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................35
5.2 Angststoornis..............................................................................................................................36
5.2.1 Overzicht van angststoornissen...........................................................................................36
5.3 Paniekstoornis............................................................................................................................36
5.3.1 Theoretische perspectieven.................................................................................................36
5.3.2 Behandelmethoden.............................................................................................................37
5.4 Fobische stoornissen..................................................................................................................37
5.4.1 Typen fobieën......................................................................................................................38
5.4.2 Theoretische perspectieven.................................................................................................38
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, 5.4.3 Behandelmethoden.............................................................................................................39
5.5 Obsessieve-compulsieve en verwante stoornissen....................................................................40
5.5.1 Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis........................................................................................40
5.5.2 Theoretische perspectieven.................................................................................................41
5.5.3Behandelmethoden..............................................................................................................41
5.5.4 Verstoorde lichaamsbeleving...............................................................................................41
5.5.5Verzamelstoornis..................................................................................................................41
5.6 Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis.................................................................................................42
5.6.1 Theoretische perspectieven.................................................................................................42
5.6.2 Behandelmethoden.............................................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 8 Middelgerelateerde en verslavingsstoornissen................................................................42
8.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................42
8.2 Aan middelen en verslaving gerelateerde stoornissen...............................................................42
8.3 Gebruik en misbruik....................................................................................................................43
8.4 Verslavende middelen................................................................................................................44
8.4.1 Dempende middelen...........................................................................................................44
8.4.2 Stimulantia...........................................................................................................................45
8.4.3 Hallucinogene middelen......................................................................................................46
8.5 Theoretische perspectieven........................................................................................................46
8.5.1 Biologische perspectieven...................................................................................................46
8.5.2 Leerperspectieven...............................................................................................................47
8.5.2 Cognitieve perspectieven.....................................................................................................47
8.5.3 Psychodynamische perspectieven.......................................................................................47
8.5.4 Sociaal-culturele perspectieven...........................................................................................47
8.6 Behandeling van middel-gerelateerde stoornissen....................................................................47
8.6.1 Biologische benaderingen....................................................................................................47
8.6.2 Niet-professionele supportgroepen.....................................................................................48
8.6.3 Intramurale behandeling.....................................................................................................48
8.6.4 Psychodynamische therapie................................................................................................48
8.6.5 Gedragstherapie..................................................................................................................48
8.7 Training voor terugvalpreventie.................................................................................................48
8.8 Gokstoornis.................................................................................................................................48
Hoofdstuk 9 Voeding- en eetstoornissen en slaap-waakstoornissen...................................................49
9.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................49
9.1.1 Kenmerken van eetstoornissen...........................................................................................49
9.2 Anorexia nervosa........................................................................................................................49
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