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Psychology Paper One Essay PlansMemory
Discuss research into coding, capacity and duration of memory [16]
AO1 AO3
Coding- The format in which information is stored in the Artificial stimuli-no personal meaning to participants &
various memory stores. random words t/f generalisability other memory tasks
Baddeley (1966) 4 groups; acoustically and semantically
dis/similar; participants shown original words and asked
to recall them in the correct order; worse acoustically in
STM worse semantically LTM. Suggests type of coding for
each form of memory.
Capacity-The amount of information that can be held in
a memory store. Lacking validity-conducted long time ago; historical
Jacobs (1887) digit span; gives four digits asked to recall, validity lacking control e.g. distracted. Also confounding
then 5 etc.; mean for digits is 9.3 mean for letters 7.3 but could have been confirmed elsewhere.
Miller (1956) span & chunking; observations everyday Not so many chunks-overestimated STM. Cowan (2001)
action, things come in 7s-music notes, days of week, reviewed other research; capacity of STM was four. Low
deadly sins etc; suggests span of STM is 7±2; recall 5 end better than high end.
each by chunking (grouping up).
Duration-The length of time information can be held in
memory.
STM Peterson & Peterson (1959) 24 undergrad students; Criticising Peterson and Peterson-Memory trace may
8 trials; trigrams/consonant syllable YCG told to count simply disappear i.e. spontaneous decay; or information
backwards from 3 digit number-prevent rehearsal; displaced and pushes out current e.g. during P&Ps
different times-retention interval; findings suggest short retention interval
duration unless repeated. Meaningless stimuli-Trigrams; real-life
LTM Bahrick et al (1975) 392 parts from Ohio state 17-
74; high school yearbooks 1) photo recognition from 50
photos 2) free recall-recalled names 15 years of Higher external validity-Real-life meaningful memories;
graduation 90% accuracy after 48 years fell to 70% on meaningless pictures lower (Shephard). Downside is it
photo. Free recall after 15 years 60% after 48 years 30%. doesn’t account for rehearsal of yearbook, for instance.
LTM lasts long.
Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. Refer to evidence in your answer. [16]
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Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin (1971) Supporting research evidence-STM/LTM is diff. as shown
Describes how information flows through the memory in Baddely research particularly in the case of acoustic
system. Three stores linked by processing and rehearsal. and semantic words. Clearly shows STM acoustic LTM
Two assumptions: semantic. Other support from studies mentioned earlier.
Time in STM and number of repetitions is vital for More than one type of STM-The MSM states STM is
transfer to LTM unitary store i.e. only one type of short-term memory.
Longer the time in STM or greater the number of However Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied patient
rehearsals better chance of later remembering with amnesia-KF. KF’s short-term memory for digits
Two functions: Maintaining items in STM; moving items poor read out loud to him. Recall better when read them
to LTM to himself. Others people with amnesia showed that
Sensory register-stimulus from environment. Iconic there could be another short-term memory store for
memory (visual) echoic memory (acoustic). Less than half non-verbal sounds (such as noises). The working memory
a second duration. Short-term memory and long-term model includes separate stores for auditory and visual
memory. info.
Research: More than one type of rehearsal-According to MSM,
Coding-Baddeley what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you
Capacity-Jacobs do. So, the more you rehearse some information, the
Duration-Peterson more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it
CASE STUDY: HM Henry Molaison for a long time. Craik and Watkins (1973) type of
Hippocampus removed rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal-repeating material to
1955 memory assessment-thought was 1953 ourselves over and over until we rehearse it for long
Thought 27 he was 31. enough it is moved into the LTM, but this does not
No good LTM but excellent STM transfer information into the LTM. It just maintains it in
, the STM. Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long-term
storage. This occurs when you link the information to
your existing knowledge, or you think about what it
means.
Artificial materials e.g. trigrams and consonant syllables
with no meaning.
More than one LTM-procedural, semantic, episodic.
Model too simple.
Extra:
It makes sense that memories in the LTM are encoded
semantically – i.e. you might recall the general message
put across in a political speech, rather than all of the
words as they were heard.
The MSM was a pioneering model of memory that
inspired further research and consequently other
influential models, such as the Working Memory Model.
Discuss the working memory model. Refer to evidence in your answer. [16]
AO1 AO3
Developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1981) developed Research support-Brookes, KF (clinical evidence), HM.
multi-store model of STM called WMM, which is an Lack of clarity over the central executive-unsatisfactory
active processor of several different stores. and doesn’t explain anything. Baddeley (2003) said it’s
Central Executive monitors incoming data, make the most important but least understood component of
decisions and allocates slave systems tasks. Limited working memory. Not fully explained.
processing capacity. Most evidence (ironically) from lab studies-thus lacks
Phonological Loop deals with auditory information. what it claims to explain-STM in everyday settings!
Subdivided into phonological store and articulatory Practical application-in treating insomnia
process. Dual task performance-studies of dual-task performance
Visuo-spatial scratchpad visual and or spatial support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial
information. Limited capacity of 3 to 4 objects. Visual scratch. Baddeley et al (1975 participants more difficulty
cache which stores visual data and the inner scribe which doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the
records the arrangement of objects in the visual field. letter F) than both a visual and verbal task at the same
Episodic buffer-temporary store for both visual, spatial time. This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks
and verbal information processed by other stores. compete for the same slave system, whereas, when
Storage component for the CE and has four chunks doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no
STUDY: Brookes (1968) block capital letter in which the competition. This means there must be a separate slave
bottom left hand corner was an asterisk. Moved mentally system (the VSS) that processes visual input.
moved their attention clockwise around the letter. At
Studies of the word length effect support the
each corner had to indicate whether or not it was on the
phonological loop-Baddeley et al. (1975) difficult to
top or bottom (if was they had to respond yes or no).
remember list long words than short words-Word length
two different response conditions Yes/No out loud or
effect. Because there is finite space for rehearsal in the
point to Yes/No. Time taken recorded. Longer to respond
articulatory process. Word length effect disappears if
if they had to point, WMM suggests due to demands on
person given articulatory suppression task-this is a
visuo-spatial scratchpad as response requires recalling
repetitive task ties up the articulatory process. E.g. doing
the location of yes/no signs.
a task while saying ‘la la la’ means articulatory process is
kept busy.
Extra
The multi-store model sees the short term memory as a
passive store of information, while the working memory
model seems more accurate in describing how memory
is used as an active processor. Psychologists often as a
result now refer to the short term memory as the
working memory due to this idea.
The working memory model provides an explanation of
processing deficits such as reading difficulties, so could
potentially be applied to make therapies more effective
for treatment of such conditions.
Lab controlled research-high internal validity.
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