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Sumario Resumen Biología

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  • July 23, 2021
  • 4
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
  • Secondary school
  • Bachillerato
  • 6
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Tema 3- Lípidos

Son moléculas orgánicas formadas por carbono,oxígeno e hidrógeno. Además, pueden tener
nitrógeno, fósforo y azufre.
Cabe destacar la función energética y estructural.
Son moléculas muy diversas pero que comparten dos propiedades:
- Son insolubles en agua
- Son solubles en disolventes orgánicos
Podemos clasificarlos como saponificables e insaponificables.

1. Saponificables
Al reaccionar con una base dan lugar a jabones.

1.1 Ácidos grasos
Son moléculas formadas por una cadena hidrocarbonada lineal con número de átomos de carbono
par y un grupo ácido (-COOH) final. Los carbonos pueden ser de 14 a 22.
Se pueden dividir en saturados e insaturados:
- Saturados: no presentan dobles enlaces. Ej. ácido palmítico
- Insaturados: sí presentan dobles enlaces. Ej. ácido oleico.
Su importancia biológica reside en la obtención de energía.

1.2 Propiedades de los ácidos grasos
● Químicas
- Esterificación: ácidos grasos + moléculas con
grupo -OH → ésteres + H2O


- Saponificación: es un tipo especial
de esterificación:
Ácido graso + base → jabón + H2O




● Físicas
- Los saturados se disponen en zig-zag
- Con otros lípidos se empaquetan de
forma distinta.
- En contacto con el agua se disponen en
forma de:




Micela Doble capa lipídica Película superficial

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