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Biología e Histología

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Apuntes de primero de enfermería de biología celular e histología

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  • July 27, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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Biología celular


Tema 14: La sangre

1. Características generales
Es un tejido conjuntivo especializado.

Funciones de la sangre:

• Transporte (O2 , CO2 , nutrientes, sustancias de desecho, sustancias reguladoras,…)
• Equilibrio electrolítico y ácido-base del organismo
• Regulación de la temperatura corporal

Composición: plasma y células.

• Plasma (~55%):
o Medio líquido; aprox. 90% agua, 9% proteínas, 1% otros componentes (sales, gases disueltos,
glucosa,…).
o Proteínas más importantes: albúmina (mantenimiento presión osmótica, transporte de sustancias);
globulinas; proteínas del complemento (inmunidad innata); lipoproteínas…
• Células (~45%): eritrocitos, leucocitos y plaquetas.


2. Tipos de células
Eritrocitos, glóbulos rojos o hematíes
Son las células más abundantes de la sangre (aprox. 45%). Tienen forma de disco
bicóncavo, de 7,2 a 7,5 micrómetros de diámetro. Carecen de núcleo y de orgánulos;
tienen enzimas para la realización de la glucólisis; tienen anhidrasa carbónica
(mantenimiento equilibrio ácido-base); proteína más abundante: hemoglobina.

Son muy flexibles, se deforman y se estiran al pasar por los capilares.

Importancia del citoesqueleto en el mantenimiento de su morfología (interacciones entre proteínas de membrana y
citoesqueleto).




Presencia en la membrana eritrocitaria de glucolípidos y glucoproteínas determinantes de los grupos sanguíneos
(sistemas ABO y Rh).

Leucocitos
• Granulocitos
o Neutrófilos
o Eosinófilos
o Basófilos
• Agranulocitos
o Monocitos
o Linfocitos
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