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It is notes on the entire IGCSE CIE triple science course for Chemistry and physics
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IGCSE physics notes | Circuits to nuclear physics | brief notes | grade 9 - 10
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Waves3.1 General wave properties
What it is
- Waves can transfer energy and information without a net motion of the medium
through which they travel.
- They involve vibrations (oscillations)
- Wave diagrams capture a snapshot of the wave.
- Wavefronts highlight the part of a wave that is moving together e.g. sets of peaks of
the wave
- Rays highlight the direction of energy transfer
- Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes and
springs and by experiments using water waves
- Use the term wavefront
- Wavefronts highlight the part of a wave that is moving together e.g. sets of
peaks of the wave
- Give the meaning of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude
Amplitude (A)
- The maximum displacement from the mean position.
, -
Wavelength (λ)
- The length of one complete wave.
Frequency
- The number of oscillations in one second. Measured in Hertz.
- F=1/T
Wave speed (V)
- The speed at which the wave fronts pass a stationary observer.
- Wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)
- v = fλ
,Period (T)
- The time taken (in seconds) for one complete oscillation. It is also the time taken for a
complete wave to pass a given point.
- 1/ F
- Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples
Transverse waves
- The oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
Longitudinal waves
- The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
- Describe how waves can undergo:
, - reflection at a plane surface
-
- the angle of which the ray hits the object is the same as the angle of the ray
that is reflected
- the angle of incidence to the normal us the same for both rays
- refraction due to a change of speed
- When a wave changes speed (normally when entering another medium) it
may refract (change direction)
- occurs when there is a change of speed
- When the waves move into a slower medium, the waves bends towards the
normal
- Waves bends away from the normal when it moves into a faster medium
- The waves do not bend when it hits the normal at 90 degrees as the entire
wave will slow down at once, thus, no refraction occurs
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