Dit document bevat alle hoorcolleges van KWH 1 (fase 1) met betrekking tot het onderdeel onderzoek. Dit werd gedoceerd door mevrouw Cornette. Je kan dit document ook kopen in bundel met het deel statistiek voor een volledige samenvatting van KWH 1.
Basisbegrippen
Inhoud
Wat is wetenschappelijk onderzoek?....................................................................................................................5
Soorten wetenschappelijk onderzoek...................................................................................................................6
Verschillende doelen.........................................................................................................................................6
Illustratie: praktijkgericht logopedisch onderzoek.........................................................................................6
Verschillende grondvormen..............................................................................................................................7
Verschillende tijdsperspectieven.......................................................................................................................7
Eisen aan onderzoek..............................................................................................................................................9
Wetenschappelijke eisen.................................................................................................................................10
Ethische eisen..................................................................................................................................................12
Praktische eisen...............................................................................................................................................12
Fasen in het onderzoeksproces...........................................................................................................................12
Onderzoeksplan opstellen...................................................................................................................................17
De probleemstelling.........................................................................................................................................17
Aanleiding....................................................................................................................................................18
Doelstelling..................................................................................................................................................18
Onderwerp en doelgroep (afbakenen)........................................................................................................18
Onderzoeksvragen.......................................................................................................................................18
Grondvorm bepalen.........................................................................................................................................23
Het onderzoeksontwerp......................................................................................................................................24
WAT waarnemen?...........................................................................................................................................24
WIE waarnemen?.............................................................................................................................................25
HOE waarnemen?............................................................................................................................................25
Besluit.................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Het belang van (wetenschappelijk) onderzoek....................................................................................................31
Waarom dit OPO?............................................................................................................................................31
Kortom.............................................................................................................................................................32
Evidence-based practice in de logopedie en audiologie......................................................................................33
Factoren die klinisch handelen beïnvloeden....................................................................................................34
Evidence-based practice: het belang van de literatuur........................................................................................35
Vakliteratuur vinden........................................................................................................................................35
Zoektermen kiezen..........................................................................................................................................35
Vaktijdschriften................................................................................................................................................35
De opbouw van een wetenschappelijke tekst.................................................................................................35
Betrouwbaarheid.................................................................................................................................................40
, Begripsomschrijving.........................................................................................................................................40
Belang van betrouwbaarheid in de logopedie.................................................................................................40
Betrouwbaarheidsmaten.................................................................................................................................40
Betrouwbaarheidsbegrip.............................................................................................................................41
Betrouwbaarheidscoëfficiënt.......................................................................................................................41
Betrouwbaarheid en praktijkgericht onderzoek?............................................................................................45
Besluit..............................................................................................................................................................45
Validiteit..............................................................................................................................................................46
Begripsomschrijving.........................................................................................................................................46
Bepaling van de validiteit.................................................................................................................................47
Logische analyse..........................................................................................................................................47
Empirische analyse......................................................................................................................................47
Soorten validiteit.............................................................................................................................................48
Criteriumvaliditeit........................................................................................................................................48
Inhoudsvaliditeit..........................................................................................................................................49
Begripsvaliditeit/constructvaliditeit.............................................................................................................49
Mate van validiteit...........................................................................................................................................49
Normering van tests............................................................................................................................................50
Begripsomschrijving.........................................................................................................................................50
Samenstelling van norm(eringstabell)en.........................................................................................................50
Soorten normeringsmethoden........................................................................................................................51
Normeringsschalen..........................................................................................................................................51
Bruikbaarheid van normen..............................................................................................................................51
Situering; fasen in een onderzoek.......................................................................................................................56
Kwantitatieve onderzoeksmethoden...................................................................................................................56
Enquêteonderzoek...........................................................................................................................................57
Responsgraad..............................................................................................................................................58
Tijdsduur......................................................................................................................................................58
Kostprijs.......................................................................................................................................................58
Invloed van derden......................................................................................................................................58
Intervieweffecten........................................................................................................................................58
Sociale wenselijkheid...................................................................................................................................58
Non-verbaal gedrag.....................................................................................................................................59
Volgorde en volledigheid van de afname.....................................................................................................59
Complexiteit van afnames...........................................................................................................................59
Enquête-onderzoek: operationalisatie............................................................................................................59
STAP 1: Bepaal de variabelen in de onderzoeksvraag..................................................................................59
STAP 2: Definieer de variabelen...................................................................................................................60
, STAP 3: Bepaal welke componenten van de variabele je wilt onderzoeken................................................60
STAP 4: Zet kenmerken/componenten om naar indicatoren.......................................................................60
STAP 5: Bepaal het meetinstrument............................................................................................................60
Een enquête opstellen.....................................................................................................................................61
Soorten vragen............................................................................................................................................61
Vragenformulering.......................................................................................................................................62
Opbouw van een enquête of vragenlijst......................................................................................................63
Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van het dataverzamelingsinstrument..............................................................64
Kwaliteitscontrole........................................................................................................................................64
Betrouwbaarheid.........................................................................................................................................64
Validiteit......................................................................................................................................................64
Afname van enquêtes......................................................................................................................................64
Fasen in een onderzoek.......................................................................................................................................69
Basisbegrippen....................................................................................................................................................69
Soorten steekproeven.........................................................................................................................................71
Aselecte steekproeven.....................................................................................................................................71
Enkelvoudig aselecte steekproef (EAS)........................................................................................................72
Systematische aselecte steekproef..............................................................................................................72
Clustersteekproef........................................................................................................................................72
Gestratificeerde steekproef.........................................................................................................................73
Externe validiteit..............................................................................................................................................74
Niet-selecte steekproeven...............................................................................................................................75
Niet-theoretische selecte steekproef...........................................................................................................75
Theoretische selecte steekproef..................................................................................................................76
De PICO-strategie................................................................................................................................................81
P: population...................................................................................................................................................81
I: intervention..................................................................................................................................................81
C: comparison..................................................................................................................................................82
O: outcome......................................................................................................................................................82
Voorbeelden van onderzoeksvragen...............................................................................................................82
Soorten onderzoeksvragen in L&A......................................................................................................................83
Vraag naar het effect van een behandeling.....................................................................................................83
Vraag naar diagnostische hulpmiddelen..........................................................................................................83
Soorten onderzoekdesigns in L&A.......................................................................................................................84
Kwantitatief onderzoek...................................................................................................................................85
Experimenteel onderzoek............................................................................................................................85
Quasi-experimenteel onderzoek..................................................................................................................85
Observationeel onderzoek...........................................................................................................................85
, Kwalitatief onderzoek......................................................................................................................................86
Mixed Method.................................................................................................................................................86
Systematische literatuurstudie........................................................................................................................86
Andere designs................................................................................................................................................86
Hulpmiddelen bij het evalueren van onderzoek..................................................................................................87
Ladder van evidentie / scale of evidence.............................................................................................................87
Toepassing: Speechbite....................................................................................................................................88
Toepassing: Evidence maps.............................................................................................................................88
Kanttekeningen bij de ladder van evidentie....................................................................................................89
Synthese..............................................................................................................................................................89
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