Ethics
o Informed consent
Competence
Voluntariness
Disclosure of information
o Proxy- makes decisions for patient, designated by state
Comfort and Sedation
o Rapid sequence intubation
Succinocholine and etomidate
o Conscious sedations
Versed and fentanyl
o Reversal for fentanyl narcan
o Reversal for versed flumazenil
o Medications
Benzos
Versed
Ativan
Valium
Precedex- similar to versed, not as addicting
Opioids
Morphine sulfate
Dilaudid
Fentanyl
Druamorph- spinal
Local anesthetics “-caines”
o Pain scale for sedated patients behavioral pain scale
o Medication for alcohol withdrawl Haldol
CIWA score relates to treatment given
The Heart
o Hemodynamics (BP)
Purpose of hemodynamic monitoring assessment of tissue perfusion
Swan ganz catheter
Measures pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (8-12) determines
functioning of the left side of the heart (arterial)
CVP measures pressure on right side of heart (venous)
Normal: 2-6
Indicates patients fluid volume status
If CVP is low give fluids to correct
Cardiac Index (CI): 2.5-4.2
Less than 2 is BAD cardiogenic shock
o Cardiogenic shock is usually caused by and MI (anterior)
Low CI caused by trauma, hypovolemic shock
, Interventions: fluids
Hgb: 12-16
Hct: 35-45
WBC: 4-11
Stroke volume
Components- preload, afterload, and contractility
o Preload-ventricular filling (volume)
Diastole (dub)
o Afterload (pressure)
Contraction
Systole (lub)
Low SVI CHF, beta blockers, late septic shock
High SVI early septic shock, positive inotropes, fever, hypervolemia
Allen’s testmeasures collateral circulation
Arterial line/invasive monitoring CHECK CONNECTIONS
Central line complications: (get x-ray for placement)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Carotid puncture
Pneumothorax/Hemothorax
Perforation or r. atrium/ventricle
o Acute coronary Syndrome/EKG (Ch. 12)
1st intervention for chest pain:
12 lead EKG
Angina- caused by ischemia but doesn’t cause cell death
Stable- occurs with exercise, relieved with rest
Unstable- may occur at rest
o May show ST depression
o Requires more nitrates
Prinzmetal- coronary spasms at rest or active
o Treatment- nitrates and calcium channel blockers (-pine)
MI
s/s- radiating chest pain, diaphoresis, n/v, SOB
o Women’s- fatigue, diaphoresis, indigestion,
Laboratory
o Elevated troponin
o Elevated CK-MB (>4.9)
Treatments
o MONA- morphine, oxygen, nitrogen, aspirin
Check BP before giving nitro, ask about ED drugs (-fil)
o TPA within 6 hours of onset
Contraindicated-
o #1 intervention cardiac cath
Post sent Clopidogril (Plavix)
STEMI- Plaque rupture or complete occlusion (ST elevation-
ALWAYS MI)
NSTEMI- partially occluded coronary vessel
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