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Volledige notities van de lessen Europees recht
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Uitgebreide en volledige lesnotities van het vak Europees recht
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Europees Recht mevrouw Lazeure 0Europees recht
Inhoudstafel
Inhoudsopgave
0 Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................4
1 Hoofdstuk 1: Europese Unie...........................................................................................................5
7.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................5
14.1 Internationaal recht........................................................................................................................5
14.1.1 Afspraken vastleggen:..................................................................................................................5
16.1.1 Staatssoevereiniteit:....................................................................................................................5
18.1.1 Internationale organisaties..........................................................................................................6
18.1.1.1 Internationale samenwerking van personen: NGO’s..................................................................................6
18.1.1.2 Internationale samenwerking van staten = gouvernementele organisaties..............................................6
18.1.1.2.1 VN (UNO)..................................................................................................................................................6
1.1.1.1.1 OESO (Organisatie Economische Samenwerking en Ontwikkeling)..........................................................7
1.1.1.1.2 NAVO (of NATO).........................................................................................................................................7
1.1.1.1.3 Benelux.......................................................................................................................................................7
1.1.1.1.4 EVA (EFTA)..................................................................................................................................................7
1.1.1.1.5 EER (Europese Economische Ruimte)........................................................................................................8
1.1.1.1.6 Raad van Europa.........................................................................................................................................8
1.1.1.1.7 2 soorten gouvernementele organisaties..................................................................................................9
1.1.1.2 Vergelijkende figuur....................................................................................................................................10
1.2 De EU en haar doelstellingen..........................................................................................................10
1.2.1 De EU als een dynamisch project van uitbreiding en inhoudelijke verdieping............................10
1.2.1.1 Territoriale uitbreiding................................................................................................................................11
1.2.1.1.1 Toetredingsgolven....................................................................................................................................11
1.2.1.1.2 Voorwaarden en procedure voor toetreding..........................................................................................12
1.2.1.1.2.1 Voorwaarden om toe te treden............................................................................................................12
1.2.1.1.2.2 Procedure..............................................................................................................................................12
1.2.1.1.2.3 Wat brengt de toekomst?.....................................................................................................................14
1.2.1.2 Inhoudelijke uitbreiding..............................................................................................................................15
1.2.1.3 Naar een supranationale samenwerking....................................................................................................15
1.2.1.3.1 9 mei 1950: De Schuman-verklaring........................................................................................................15
1.2.1.3.2 EGKS- verdrag van 1951...........................................................................................................................15
1.2.1.3.3 Verdrag tot oprichting van de EEG 1957..................................................................................................15
1.2.1.3.4 EGA of Euratom-verdrag van 1957..........................................................................................................16
1.2.1.3.5 Europese eenheidsakte 1986...................................................................................................................16
1.2.1.3.6 Verdrag van Maastricht 1992...................................................................................................................16
1.2.1.3.7 Verdrag van Amsterdam..........................................................................................................................17
1.2.1.3.8 Schemaatje...............................................................................................................................................18
1.2.1.3.9 Verdrag van Nice 2001.............................................................................................................................18
1.2.1.3.10 EU-grondwet en Verklaring van Berlijn..................................................................................................19
1.2.1.3.11 Verdrag van Lissabon 2009....................................................................................................................19
1.2.1.3.12 Vergelijkende tabel................................................................................................................................20
1.2.1.3.13 Figuur 1.3................................................................................................................................................21
1.2.1.4 Stand van zaken...........................................................................................................................................21
1.3 De EU en haar doelstellingen..........................................................................................................21
1.3.1 EU is een rechtsgemeenschap met gemeenschappelijke doelstellingen (zie art. 3 VEU)............22
1.3.2 De EU ook monetaire unie...........................................................................................................22
1.4 De interne markt.............................................................................................................................23
,Europees Recht mevrouw Lazeure 1
1.5 Beginselen.......................................................................................................................................23
1.5.1 Beginsel van loyale samenwerking..............................................................................................23
1.5.2 Attributiebeginsel........................................................................................................................23
1.5.3 Subsidiariteitsbeginsel.................................................................................................................23
1.5.4 Evenredigheidsbeginsel of proportionaliteitsbeginsel.................................................................24
1.5.5 Gelijkheidsbeginsel......................................................................................................................24
2 Hoofdstuk 2: instellingen van de Europese Unie...........................................................................24
2.1 De Europese Raad...........................................................................................................................25
122.2 De Europese Commissie..............................................................................................................26
52.2 De Raad (van de Europese Unie)...................................................................................................29
2.2 Het Europees Parlement.................................................................................................................31
132.1 Het Hof van Justitie.....................................................................................................................33
135.1 De gewone wetgevingsprocedure...............................................................................................35
3 Hoofstuk 3: wetgeving, directe werking en staatsaansprakelijkheid.............................................35
138.1 Bevoegdheden van de EU...........................................................................................................35
69.1 Oefening p. 59 2.2.........................................................................................................................37
3.1 Vormen van Europees Recht...........................................................................................................38
3.1.1 Primair recht (= Verdragen).........................................................................................................38
3.1.2 Secundaire wetgeving..................................................................................................................38
3.1.2.1 Vormen van secundaire wetgeving.............................................................................................................39
3.1.2.1.1 Verordeningen.........................................................................................................................................39
3.1.2.1.2 Besluiten...................................................................................................................................................39
3.1.2.1.3 Richtlijnen.................................................................................................................................................40
3.1.2.1.4 Aanbevelingen en adviezen.....................................................................................................................42
3.1.2.2 Vormen van Europees recht: wetgevingsprocedure..................................................................................42
3.1.2.3 Vormen van Europees recht: de Gewone wetgevingsprocedure...............................................................42
3.1.2.3.1 Artikel 294 VWEU.....................................................................................................................................43
69.4.1.2 Wederzijdse erkenning.............................................................................................................................44
3.1.2.3.2 Arrest HvJ (Vlassopoulou)........................................................................................................................45
145.8.1.11 Doorwerking..........................................................................................................................................45
3.1.2.3.3 Costa vs. E.N.E.L. (1964)...........................................................................................................................46
3.1.2.3.4 Arrest Simmental (1978)..........................................................................................................................46
3.1.2.3.5 Zaak HvJ Van Gend & Loos (1963)............................................................................................................46
3.1.2.3.6 Directe werking van EU-recht..................................................................................................................47
145.8.1.11.9.1 Directe werking van de verdragen..................................................................................................47
145.8.1.11.11.1.1 Oefeningen.................................................................................................................................47
3.1.2.3.6.1 Directe werking van verordeningen en besluiten.................................................................................48
3.1.2.3.6.2 Directe werking van richtlijnen.............................................................................................................48
3.1.2.3.7 Overzicht..................................................................................................................................................50
4 Hoofstuk 4: de vier vrijheden........................................................................................................50
4.1 Inleiding: de interne markt (zie ook hb hfdst. 1.3.).........................................................................50
4.1.1 Voor- en nadelen van de interne markt.......................................................................................51
4.1.2 Kort filmpje over sociale dumping...............................................................................................52
4.1.3 Onderdelen van de interne markt...............................................................................................52
4.2 De vier vrijheden: inhoud en onderscheid.......................................................................................53
4.2.1 Inhoud.........................................................................................................................................53
4.2.1.1 Vrij verkeer van goederen (art 28-37 VWEU, art 110 VWEU).....................................................................53
4.2.1.2 Vrij verkeer van personen (art 45-55 VWEU)..............................................................................................53
4.2.1.3 Vrij verkeer van diensten (art 56-62 VWEU)...............................................................................................53
103.1.8.1 Vrij verkeer van kapitaal (art 63-66 VWEU)............................................................................................54
4.2.2 Onderscheid................................................................................................................................54
103.1.10.1 Vergelijkende tabel...............................................................................................................................55
103.1.10.2 Vrij verkeer van diensten vs. vrij verkeer van goederen......................................................................55
,Europees Recht mevrouw Lazeure 2
103.1.18.1 Vrij verkeer van diensten vs. vrij verkeer van personen.......................................................................56
103.1.18.2 Vrij verkeer van werknemers vs. vrijheid van vestiging (dit gaat over vrij verkeer van personen
bestaande uit 2 componenten)...............................................................................................................................56
103.1.18.3 Vrij verkeer van goederen vs. vrij verkeer van kapitaal........................................................................56
103.2 Samenhang tussen de vier vrijheden..........................................................................................56
103.3 Grensoverschrijdend aspect (heel belangrijk).............................................................................56
103.4 Discriminatieverbod....................................................................................................................57
103.5 Belemmeringsverbod (niet kennen)............................................................................................57
103.6 Horizontale directe werking........................................................................................................57
103.7 Uitzonderingen op het vrij verkeer..............................................................................................58
103.8 Openingscasus (P. 95 hb over de vier vrijheden).........................................................................60
104 Hoofdstuk 5: vrij verkeer van goederen....................................................................................61
104.1 De begrippen tarifaire en non-tarifaire belemmeringen.............................................................61
104.2 Tarifaire belemmeringen............................................................................................................61
4.2.3 Onderscheid tussen artikel 30 en artikel 110 VwEU....................................................................62
4.2.4 Verbod op heffen van in- en uitvoerrechten en heffingen van gelijke werking...........................62
4.2.5 Verbod op discriminatoire binnenlandse belastingen.................................................................63
104.2.8.1 Gelijksoortige producten (art 110, eerste alinea VwEU)........................................................................64
104.2.11.1 Concurrerende producten (art 110, tweede alinea VwEU)..................................................................64
104.3 Non-tarifaire belemmeringen.....................................................................................................65
4.2.6 Principieel verbod........................................................................................................................65
4.2.7 Rechtvaardigingsgronden............................................................................................................65
4.2.8 Oefening 5.6 op pagina 156.........................................................................................................68
105 Hoofdstuk 6: vrij verkeer van personen....................................................................................68
105.1 Verschillende categorieën personen...........................................................................................68
4.2.9 Vergelijkend schemaatje.............................................................................................................68
105.2 EU-burgers..................................................................................................................................69
4.2.10 Economisch actieve burgers......................................................................................................69
105.2.10.1 Vrij verkeer van werknemers (artikel 45 VWEU)..................................................................................71
105.2.11.1 Vrijheid van vestiging (artikel 49 VWEU)..............................................................................................72
4.2.11 Economisch inactieve burgers...................................................................................................72
105.3 Derdelanders..............................................................................................................................73
105.4 Richtlijn 2004/38/EG: het vrij verkeer van EU-burgers en hun familieleden...............................73
4.2.12 Reisrechten................................................................................................................................74
4.2.13 Verblijfsrechten.........................................................................................................................74
105.4.7.1 Kortdurend verblijfsrecht........................................................................................................................74
105.4.9.1 Verblijfsrecht...........................................................................................................................................75
105.4.12.1 Duurzaam verblijfsrecht........................................................................................................................75
4.2.14 Recht op non-discriminatie........................................................................................................75
105.5 Gezinshereniging op basis van artikel 20 VWEU.........................................................................76
105.6 Verordening 1612/68: het vrij verkeer van werknemers.............................................................76
105.7 De uitzonderingen.......................................................................................................................77
4.2.15 Verdragsuitzonderingen............................................................................................................77
105.7.2.1 Openbare orde en openbare veiligheid (zeer eng interpreteren)..........................................................77
105.7.4.1.1 Voorbeeld van Adoui............................................................................................................................77
105.7.7.1 Volksgezondheid.....................................................................................................................................77
105.7.8.1 Betrekkingen in overheidsdienst en werkzaamheden ter uitoefening van het openbaar gezag...........79
4.2.16 Rule of reason en aanvullende voorwaarden............................................................................79
106 Hoofdstuk 7: Staatssteun..........................................................................................................79
106.2 Concurrentie en onderneming....................................................................................................80
4.2.17 Het begrip concurrentie.............................................................................................................80
4.2.18 Verstoringen van concurrentie..................................................................................................80
, Europees Recht mevrouw Lazeure 3
4.2.19 Het begrip onderneming...........................................................................................................81
106.3 Verbod op staatssteun................................................................................................................81
4.2.20 Steunmaatregelen in welke vorm ook (niet enkel geld)............................................................81
4.2.21 Bekostigd met staatsmiddelen..................................................................................................82
4.2.22 Begunstiging van bepaalde ondernemingen of producties........................................................82
4.2.23 Invloed op handelsverkeer tussen lidstaten (geen aanknopingspunt in het verdrag)...............82
106.4 Procedure en gevolgen van het verbod op staatssteun..............................................................83
106.5 Uitzonderingen en bijzondere gevallen.......................................................................................83
4.2.24 Uitzonderingen in artikel 107, lid 2 VWEU.................................................................................83
4.2.25 Uitzonderingen in artikel 107, lid 3 VWEU.................................................................................83
106.6 Case van Apple............................................................................................................................84
107 Hoofdstuk 8: Kartelvorming......................................................................................................84
107.1 Marktaandeel.............................................................................................................................84
4.2.26 Productenmarkt.........................................................................................................................86
107.1.5.1 Aantal voorbeelden.................................................................................................................................86
4.2.27 De geografische markt...............................................................................................................87
4.2.28 Grootte van het marktaandeel..................................................................................................87
107.2 Kartelverbod...............................................................................................................................87
107.3 Procedure en gevolg van belemmering mededinging.................................................................88
107.4 Uitzonderingen op het kartelverbod artikel 101, lid 3.................................................................89
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