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CriminologieINHOUDSOPGAVE
Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1 Deel 1; inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Te kennen leerstof........................................................................................................................ 5
1.1.1 Discussienota ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Hoofdstuk 1: wat is criminologie ................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Wat bestudeert de criminologie? ............................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Theoretische en toegepaste criminologie .................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 De criminologie als wetenschap .................................................................................................. 7
1.2.4 Historisch overzicht ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.4.1 Plato (400 – 300 VC) .................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4.2 Aristoteles .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4.3 Oude en nieuwe testament ......................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4.4 De middeleeuwen (450 – 1450) .................................................................................................. 8
1.2.4.5 Utopia van Thomas More (rond 1500)........................................................................................ 8
1.2.4.6 Klassieke school ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.4.6.1 Montesquieu (eerste helft 18e eeuw) ......................................................................................... 9
1.2.4.6.2 Rousseau (18e eeuw) ................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.4.6.3 Beccaria (tweede helft 18e eeuw) ............................................................................................. 10
1.2.4.6.3.1 Uitgangspunten ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.4.6.4 Bentham (eind 18e eeuw – begin 19de eeuw) ........................................................................... 11
1.2.4.7 Het eerste ontstaan van “criminologische theorieën” ............................................................. 13
1.2.4.7.1 Lombroso (eind 19e eeuw) ........................................................................................................ 13
1.2.4.8 Lacassagne en Manouvrier (tweede helft van 19e eeuw en eerste helft van 20e eeuw .......... 14
1.2.4.9 Quetelet (19de eeuw) ................................................................................................................. 14
1.2.4.10 Galton......................................................................................................................................... 14
1.2.5 Criminaliteitsdefinities ............................................................................................................... 15
1.2.5.1 Normatieve definitie .................................................................................................................. 15
1. Conventionele criminaliteitsdefinities ...................................................................................... 15
a) Juridisch ..................................................................................................................................... 15
i) Strafrechtelijke definitie ............................................................................................................ 15
ii) Eng strafrechtelijke definitie (Tappan) ...................................................................................... 16
iii) Breed juridisch strafrechtelijke definitie (Sutherland).............................................................. 16
b) De morele criminaliteitsdefinitie (Garofalo) ............................................................................. 16
c) Sociale criminaliteitsdefinitie (Sellin) ........................................................................................ 17
2. De kritische normatieve criminaliteitsdefinitie (echtpaar Schwendinger ................................ 17
1.2.5.2 Reactieve definitie ..................................................................................................................... 17
1. Conventionele reactie (Durkheim) ............................................................................................ 18
2. Kritische reactieve criminaliteitsdefinitie .................................................................................. 18
a) Labelling definitie....................................................................................................................... 18
b) Conflicttheoretische definitie .................................................................................................... 18
c) Neo-marxistische definitie......................................................................................................... 18
i) Instrumentalistische benadering ............................................................................................... 19
ii) Structuralistische benadering (standpunt van de producenten) ............................................. 19
iii) Neo-Garmsciaanse benadering (Gramsi) .................................................................................. 19
2 Deel 2: de aard en omvang van criminaliteit ........................................................................... 19
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2.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 Dark number .............................................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Politiestatistieken ....................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Verschillende soorten proces-verbaal ...................................................................................... 22
2.3.1.1 Klassiek proces-verbaal ............................................................................................................. 22
2.3.1.2 Vereenvoudigd proces-verbaal (VPV) ....................................................................................... 22
2.3.1.3 Autonoom Politioneel Onderzoek (APO) .................................................................................. 22
2.3.1.4 Proces-verbaal van waarschuwing ............................................................................................ 23
2.3.1.5 Onmiddellijke inning (OI) ........................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1.6 Administratieve inning (AI) ........................................................................................................ 23
2.3.1.7 Gasboete .................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 ANG ............................................................................................................................................ 23
2.3.2.1 Basis van registratie ................................................................................................................... 24
2.3.3 ISLP ............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.3.4 Proces-verbaal ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.4 Geografische spreiding .............................................................................................................. 27
2.5 Internationale vergelijking: hoe onveilig is België ..................................................................... 28
2.5.1 Internationale vergelijking van politiecijfers ............................................................................. 28
2.5.2 Internationale onderzoeken naar dader- en slachtofferschap ................................................. 28
2.6 Conclusies................................................................................................................................... 28
2.7 Statistiek in de praktijk .............................................................................................................. 29
3 deel 3: spanningstheorieën, strain en (sub) ............................................................................. 29
3.1 de anomietheorie van durkheim................................................................................................ 29
3.2 anomietheorie van merton ........................................................................................................ 31
3.3 de delinquente subcultuur ......................................................................................................... 32
4 deel 4: de sociologische criminologie....................................................................................... 35
4.1 de chicago school ....................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.1 kritiek ......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.1.2 Heeft de buurt echt wel zo veel invloed op crimineel gedrag? ................................................ 37
4.2 Sociale Controletheorie .............................................................................................................. 37
4.2.1 4 elementen van binding ........................................................................................................... 38
4.2.2 afwijking van de theorie ............................................................................................................ 39
5 deel 5: de biosociale en psychosociale criminologie ............................................................... 39
5.1 Lichamelijke en biologische theorieën ....................................................................................... 39
5.2 Psychologische theorieën........................................................................................................... 41
6 deel 6: situationele factoren van publieke ruimte ................................................................... 43
6.1 Situationele controle .................................................................................................................. 43
6.1.1 Situationele controle – opportunity .......................................................................................... 43
6.1.2 Antwoord op Criminaliteit vanuit situationeel oogpunt ........................................................... 44
6.1.3 Politiestrategieën ....................................................................................................................... 45
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7 deel 7: gerechtelijke geneeskunde ........................................................................................... 47
7.1 Forenische wetenschappen ....................................................................................................... 47
7.2 Forensische geneeskunde .......................................................................................................... 48
7.2.1 Overlijden ................................................................................................................................... 49
7.2.2 Wat na het overlijden? .............................................................................................................. 50
7.2.3 Het overlijden – analyse ............................................................................................................ 51
7.2.3.1 Cijfers zelfdoding ....................................................................................................................... 51
7.2.3.2 Het overlijden – analyse – verhanging ...................................................................................... 51
7.2.3.3 Het overlijden – analyse – wurging ........................................................................................... 52
7.2.3.4 Het overlijden – analyse – waterlijk .......................................................................................... 52
7.2.3.5 Het overlijden – analyse – brandlijk .......................................................................................... 53
7.2.3.6 Het overlijden – analyse – Trauma’s ......................................................................................... 53
7.2.3.6.1 Scheurwonde ............................................................................................................................. 53
7.2.3.6.2 Steekwonden ............................................................................................................................. 54
7.2.3.6.3 schotwonden ............................................................................................................................. 54
7.2.3.6.4 trauma’s in het verkeer ............................................................................................................. 55
8 deel 8: drugs ............................................................................................................................. 55
8.1 wettelijk kader ........................................................................................................................... 55
8.2 Is drugsafhankelijkheid een ziekte? ........................................................................................... 57
8.3 Drugsbeleid ................................................................................................................................ 58
8.3.1 Preventiestrategie ..................................................................................................................... 59
8.3.1.1 hoe? ........................................................................................................................................... 59
8.3.1.1.1 Middelen .................................................................................................................................... 59
8.3.1.1.2 mens........................................................................................................................................... 60
8.3.1.1.3 milieu ......................................................................................................................................... 60
8.3.2 Harm reduction strategie .......................................................................................................... 60
8.4 Druggerelateerde criminaliteit .................................................................................................. 61
9 deel 7: het veiligheidsbeleid in vlaanderen .............................................................................. 62
9.1 Veiligheidsplannen ..................................................................................................................... 62
9.2 De actoren – Handhaving – Politie ............................................................................................ 62
9.2.1 Doorheen de geschiedenis – voor 1830 : ................................................................................. 62
9.2.2 Doorheen de geschiedenis – na 1830: ...................................................................................... 63
9.2.3 Politiediensten komen vanaf de jaren ‘80 in diskrediet ........................................................... 64
9.3 De actoren – Handhaving – Federale Politie ............................................................................. 65
9.4 De actoren – Handhaving – Lokale Politie ................................................................................. 66
9.5 Politie strategieën ...................................................................................................................... 67
9.6 De actoren – Handhaving – FOD Justitie (EPI) .......................................................................... 68
9.6.1 18de eeuw ................................................................................................................................... 69
9.6.2 verlichting .................................................................................................................................. 69
9.6.3 franse revolutie .......................................................................................................................... 69
9.6.4 na onafhankelijkheid ................................................................................................................. 70
9.7 De actoren – Handhaving – Private partners (PPS) ................................................................... 70
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9.7.1 Bevoegdheden bewakingsagenten : ......................................................................................... 70
9.7.2 Bevoegdheden veiligheidsdiensten........................................................................................... 71
9.7.3 Bevoegdheden Maritieme veiligheid : ...................................................................................... 71
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