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Class notes Anatomy and Physiology
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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology featuring terminologies and their etymologies. Outline/Contents of the the document is shown on the first page.
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PrelimsANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Lecture
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
a ● means to dissect, or cut apart and
c. Pelvis
4. Upper limb
separate the parts of the body to study.
OUTLINE ● Anatomist - expert in anatomy; a
a. Arm
I. Anatomy dissector.
b. Forearm
A. Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
c. wrist
B. Basic approaches to the study of Anatomy IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
d. hand
1. Systemic anatomy
5. Lower limb
2. Regional anatomy
a. Thigh ● Basis of understanding disease
C. General ways to examine the internal structure
1. Surface anatomy
b. Leg ● Career in health sciences
c. Ankle ● Evaluate recommended treatments
2. Anatomical Imaging
d. Foot ● Allows an understanding of how the body
II. Physiology
B. Planes works and responds to stimuli
A. Major goals of studying Physiology
1. Sagittal plane
III.Structural and Functional Organization of the
2. Median plane BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF
Human Body
3. Transverse plane or cross-sectional plane
A. Six structural levels ANATOMY
4. Frontal plane or coronal plane
1. Chemical level
C. Three ways to cut an organ
2. Cell level Systemic anatomy
1. Longitudinal section
3. Tissue level ● is the study of the body by systems, such
2. Transverse section or cross section
4. Organ level as cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and
3. Oblique section
5. Organ system level muscular systems.
D. Body Cavities
6. Organism Level
1. Thoracic cavity Regional anatomy
IV. Characteristics of Life
A. Six essential characteristics of life
a. Pericardial cavity ● is the study of the organization of the
b. pleural cavity body by areas. Within each region, such
1. Organization
2. Abdominal cavity as the head, abdomen, or arm, all
2. Metabolism
a. Serous membrane or serosal membrane systems are studied simultaneously.
3. Responsiveness
b. Infections in the serous membrane
4. Growth
3. Pelvic cavity GENERAL WAYS TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL
5. Development
a. Peritoneal cavity
6.Reproduction STRUCTURES
b. Mesenteries
V. Homeostasis
c. Retroperitoneal
A. Homeostasis Surface anatomy
B. Negative feedback mechanism ● is the study of the external features, such
C. Positive feedback mechanism ANATOMY as bony projections, which serve as
1. The components of feedback landmarks for locating deeper structures.
a. Receptor
Human Anatomy and Physiology
b. Control Center
c. Effector
● the study of the structure and function of Anatomical imaging
VI. Terminology and the Body Plan the human body. ● involves the use of x-rays, ultrasounds,
A. Body parts and region Stimuli (Stimulus) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and
1. Head ● detectable change in the external or internal other technologies to create pictures of
2. Neck environment. internal structures such as when a bone is
3. Trunk Anatomy broken or the ligament is torn.
a. Thorax ● scientific discipline that investigates the
b. Abdomen structure of the body.
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, Organ level Development
PHYSIOLOGY ● Organ ● It includes the changes an organism
○ Is composed of two or more tissue undergoes through time.
Physiology types that together perform one or ● Development usually involves growth, but it
● is the scientific discipline that deals with the more common functions. also involves differentiation.
processes or functions of living things. ○ Ex. stomach, heart, liver, ovary, ● CFU-GEMM (Stem cell)
Human Physiology bladder, kidney ○ C - colony
● is the study of a specific organism, the Organ system level ○ F - forming
human, whereas cellular physiology and ● Organ system ○ U - unit
systemic physiology are subdivisions that ○ Is a group of organs classified as a ○ G - granulocytes (white blood cells)
emphasize specific organizational levels. unit because of a common function ○ E - erythrocytes (red blood cells)
or set of functions. ○ M - monocytes (small white blood
MAJOR GOALS OF STUDYING PHYSIOLOGY Organism level cells)
● Organism ○ M - megakaryocytes (small
● To understand and predict the body’s ○ Is any living things considered as a platelets)
responses to stimuli. whole, whether composed of one ● Differentiation
● To understand how the body maintains cell, such as bacterium, or trillions ○ Is change in cell structure and
internal conditions within a narrow range of of cells, such as a human. function from generalized to
values in the presence of continually specialized.
changing internal and external CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Reproduction
environments. ● Is the formation of new cells or new
SIX ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE organisms.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE HUMAN BODY Organizational HOMEOSTASIS
● Refers to the specific relationship of the
SIX STRUCTURAL LEVELS many individual body parts of an organism, Homeostasis
from cell organelles to organs, interacting
Chemical level and working together. ● Homeo meaning same; stasis meaning stop
● Smallest level Metabolism ● Is the existence and maintenance of a
● Atoms, chemical bonds, molecules ● Is the ability to use energy to perform vital relatively constant environment within the
Cell level functions such as growth, movement, and body despite fluctuations in either the
● Cell reproduction. external environment or the internal
○ The basic structural and functional ● Plants, algae, and bacteria environment.
units of organisms, such as plants ○ Photosynthetic organisms that can Variable
and animals. produce their own nutrients. ● measures of body properties that may
● Organelles ● Virus change in value.
○ The small structures that make up ○ Requires a host and can’t produce ○ body temperature (37 ℃)
some cells. its own nutrients. ○ Heart rate (50-100 bpm)
● Compartments and organelles Responsiveness ○ Blood pressure
○ Ex. mitochondria and nucleus ● Is the ability of an organism to sense ○ Blood glucose level
Tissue level changes in the environment and make the ○ Blood cell counts
● Tissue adjustments that help maintain its life. ○ Respiratory rate
○ Is a group of similar cells and the ● Adaptation Normal range (normal value / reference range)
materials surrounding them. ○ Processes and structures by which ● Normal extent of increase or decrease
● Smooth muscle organisms adjust in short term or around a set point: normal or average value
○ Non-striated and involuntary long term changes in their of a variable overtime, body temperature
● Histology environment. fluctuates around a set point.
○ The study of the microscopic ○ Ex. sweating and shivering ● Set point for some variables can be
structure of tissues. Growth temporarily adjusted depending on the body
○ Four broad types: Epithelial, ● Refers to an increase in size of all or part of on the body activities, as needed.
Connective, Muscular, Nervous. the organism.
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