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Summary Unit/Module 2 - Cells

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Whole of Unit/Module 2, Cells for AQA A level Biology based on class notes, specification, textbooks, websites, videos and revision sessions. Summarised into bullet point notes that are quick and to the point with just information you need for the exam.

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  • 12 de agosto de 2021
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  • 2019/2020
  • Resumen

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Module 2 (Cells) Revision Notes

Kingdoms in Biology?

 Living Organisms can be placed into 5 groups
(Animal, Plant, Bacteria, Fungi, Protoctista)
 Animal and Plant are Multicellular Organisms
(made up of billions of cells working together)
 Bacteria, Fungi, Protoctista are Microorgansism (made up of one or a few cells)
[note: Viruses are not defined as living organisms because they do not have the
standard components of a cell – acellular, and cannot perform MRS GREN without
a host]
 all living organisms are made from cells (multicellular = millions, microorganism =
one/few), all cells have 4 properties = DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells?

 Eukaryotic = animal/plant cell, has membrane bound organelles (nucleus, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi body, lysosome, mitochondra)
 Prokaryotic = bacteria, has no membrane bound organelles

What are the 2 forms of Reproduction?

 Sexual & Asexual
 Sexual Reproduction in Animals & Some Plants
 Asexual Reproduction in Microorganisms & Some Plants
 Sexual Reproduction uses 2 parents (each provides a gamete which fuse to form a
zygote, zygote develops into organism)
 Asexual Reproduction uses 1 parent to produce genetically identical offspring

How does a Zygote develop into an Organism?

 Zygote is a stem cell
 stem cell = undifferentiated/unspecialised cell, can form any type of cell
 zygote divides by mitosis to make many stem cells
 each stem cell differentiates into specialised cell
 each specialised cell divides by mitosis to make many copies and form a tissue
 different tissues join to form an organ
 different organs join to form an organ system
 this is surrounded by the Body

Define a tissue, organ and organ system?

tissue = a group of specialised cells
organ = made of different tissues
organ system = different organs working together




What is an Animal Cell made of?

,  Organelles (nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria,
ribosomes) – all have membrane except the ribosomes
 Cytoplasm (site of chemical reaction)
 Cell Membrane (holds cell contents together, controls what enters/leaves cell, cell
signalling)

Structure of Nucleus?

 contains DNA (made of genes, genes code for making proteins)
 DNA wrapped around histones to form Chromatin
 nucleus has a double membrane, called Nuclear Envelope, which contains pores
 at centre of nucleus is Nucleolus – produces mRNA (copy of a gene)
 rest of nucleus made of Nucleoplasm (contains the DNA/chromatin)

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

 2 types = Rough and Smooth
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes on it, makes proteins
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum has no ribosomes on it, makes lipids/carbohydrates

Golgi body?

 modifies and packages proteins
 packages them into vesicles for transport
 digestive enzymes are placed into lysosomes (vesicles with membranes around them)

Mitochondria?

 site of respiration, releases energy, produces ATP (energy carrier molecule)
 has a double membrane, inner membrane folded into Cristae (increases surface area for
enzymes of respiration)
 middle portion called Matrix

Ribosomes?

 attached to RER
 site of protein synthesis

What is a Plant Cell made of?

 Organelles (nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria,
chloroplast, vacuole, ribosomes) – all have membrane except the ribosomes
 Cytoplasm (site of chemical reaction)
 Cell Membrane (holds cell contents together, controls what enters/leaves cell, cell
signalling)
 Cell Wall (made of cellulose, prevents cell from bursting or shrinking)



Structure of chloroplast?

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