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summary Cell and Tissue
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a summary for all chapters of human anatomy and physiology covered in the course cell and tissue
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Class notes human anatomy and physiology II (ANP1107) Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition, ISBN: 9781292260853
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Samenvatting C&WChapter 1
- Anatomy: studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one
another. It is concrete, body structures can be seen, felt, examined. You don’t need to
imagine what they look like
- Physiology: concerns the function of the body. How the body work and carry out
their life-sustaining activities. It is explainable in the terms of the underlying anatomy
- Topics of anatomy
o Gross/macroscopic anatomy: the study of large body structures visible to the
naked eye
Regional anatomy: all structures in a particular region of the body. Ex.
The leg
Systematic anatomy: body structure is studied system by system. Ex.
The cardiovascular system
Surface anatomy: study of internal structures as they relate to the
overlying skin surface. Ex. Muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin
o Microscopic anatomy: studies structures too small to be seen with the naked
eye
Cytology: studies the cells of the body
Histology: studies the tissue
o Developmental anatomy: traces structural changes that occur in the body
throughout the life span
Embryology: studies the changes before birth
o Pathological anatomy: studies structural changes caused by disease
o Radiographic anatomy: studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray
images or specialized scanning procedures
o Molecular biology: structure of biological molecules is investigated
- Topics of physiology
o Renal physiology: concerns kidney function
o Neurophysiology: concerns the nervous system
o Cardiovascular physiology: examines the operation of heart and blood vessels
- Anatomy provides us with static image of the body’s architecture, physiology reveals
the body’s dynamic and animated workings
- Principle of complementary of structure and function: What a structure can do
depends on its specific form
- Structural hierarchy’s in the body
o Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules associate in a
specific way to form organelles.
o Cellular level: all cells have some common function, but cab vary in size and
shape reflecting their function in the body. In complex (not cellular) organisms
the cells form tissue
o Tissue level: tissues are a group of similar cells that have a common function.
The 4 basic tissue types in humans are: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue
and nervous tissue
Epithelium: covers the body surface and cavities
Muscle: provides movement
Connective tissue: supports and protects body organs
, Nervous tissue: provides a means of rapid internal communication by
transmitting electrical impulses
o Organ level: organs are a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue
types that performs a specific function for the body.
o Organ system level: multiple organs that work together to accomplish a
common purpose make up a organ system.
o Organismal level: the organism
- Necessary life functions
o Maintaining boundaries: an organism must maintain its boundaries so that its
internal environment remains distinct from the external invironment.
o Movement: movement includes the activities promoted by the muscular
system. The skeletal system provides the bony framework that the muscles
pull on as they work.
Contractility: the movement on a cellular level where muscle cell’s are
able to shorten
o Responsiveness (or excitability): the ability to sense changes in the
environment and then respond to them. Nervous system is most involved
o Digestion: breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood
o Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells.
ATP: the energy rich molecule that power cellular activities
Mostly regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine system glans
o Excretion: removing waste (excreta) from the body
o Reproduction
Cellular reproduction: the cell divides
Organismal reproduction: reproduction of the human organism
o Growth: increase in size of body parts or the organism as a whole
- Survival needs
o Nutrients: taken in via diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy
and cell building.
Carbohydrates: major energy fuel for body cells
Fats: provide a reserve of energy rich fuel
Minerals and vitamins: needed for the chemical reactions that go on in
cells and for the transport of the blood
o Oxygen: all chemical reactions that release energy from food are oxidative
(need oxygen)
o Water: provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions and
the fluid base for body secretions and excretions,
o Normal body temperature
o Appropriate atmospheric pressure
o All survival needs need to be present in appropriate amounts. Too much and
too little may be harmful.
- Homeostasis: the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though
the outside world changes continuously. It indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium,
internals vary but with narrow limits.
o Homeostatic control: communication for homeostatic control is chiefly done by
the nervous and endocrine systems which use electrical impulses and
bloodborne hormones as information carriers.
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