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Summary of 'Tenses' of English Linguistics I $3.63
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Summary of 'Tenses' of English Linguistics I

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Full summary of the 'Modality' section of English Linguistics I. The other parts of the course are: 'Tenses', 'The Noun Phrase' and 'Phonetics and Phonology' (see my other summaries). Teached by Dr. Maekelberghe in 2021, with my summaries I achieved 16/20 for the full course.

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  • August 14, 2021
  • 14
  • 2021/2022
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MODALITY

3 basic options in the system of modality: (zie later)
o ‘epistemic’ vs. ‘deontic’ modality
e.g. You must be Dr Livingstone ‘the only plausible interpretation is [that you are Dr.
Livingstone]’ vs. You must leave this house at once ‘it is obligatory for you [to leave this house
at once]
o speaker/hearer-oriented or non-speaker/hearer-oriented deontic modality,
e.g. must vs. have to
o external vs. internal negation
e.g. you cannot be serious ‘it is not possible [that you are serious]’ vs. we mustn’t be seen
together ‘it is better for us [not to be seen together]’

1. What is modality?
o = The expression of a speaker’s opinion on or attitude towards the situation that he or
she is speaking about, mainly in terms of :
 the degree of likelihood (how likely or unlikely is something?);
e.g. It might be too quiet for some voters ‘it is possible [that it is too quiet for some
voters]’ he must have written it himself ‘the only plausible interpretation is [that he
has written it himself]’
 the degree of obligatoriness/desirability (how desirable or undesirable is something?);
e.g. you must leave the country: ‘it is obligatory/advisable for you [to leave the country]
you must help him: ‘it is obligatory/desirable for you [to help him]’

o Other ways of expressing modal meaning, apart from modal auxiliaries:
 Modal adverbs (such as perhaps, probably or possibly)
E.g.: He will probably try to talk you over. (vs. he will try to talk you over)
E.g.: He has no doubt got wind of what they intend to do. (vs. he must have got wind of..)
 Subjunctive and modal indicative verb forms can express unreality or unfulfilled wishes
E.g.: subjunctive: If I were you…; I wish I were living on a remote island.
E.g.: indicative: I wish I knew him better; You’d (=had!) better leave her alone.

o A clause in which none of these means of expressing modality are used can be said to be
unmodalized;
o This does not mean that such a clause does not express a speaker’s position in terms of
likelihood or obligatoriness
o Rather: it expresses what one might call a ‘default value’; e.g.
 he has left the country: maximal certainty (this unmodalized clause is more certain than
saying e.g. he must have left the country, even though must is a strong modal!)
 take the car: maximal desirability/obligatoriness (stronger than e.g. you must take the car!)

Some characteristics of modal auxiliaries (4 features of prototype modal aux):
o Have no ‘do’-support in negations and questions (like regular auxiliaries):
 Did you work vs. Have you worked vs. Can you work
 I did not work vs. I have not worked vs. I cannot work
o Have no inflection for the third-person singular. Compare:
 I have worked – he has worked vs. I can work – he can work
o Have no nonfinite forms. Compare:
 He has been vs. *he has could

,  I am having vs. *I am maying
o Are always followed by the bare infinitive of a verb. Compare:
 I have worked vs. I can work
 I want to work vs. I will work




 inner circle: meet all of the 4 criteria = central/true modals
 second circle: meet most of criteria, but not all (are followed by TO+infinitve) =marginal modals
 last circle: meet none of the criteria (have flection etc.), but they do express modal meaning =
semi-modals.  they are diachronically on the rise! (‘must’ is declining, but ‘have to’ is being used
more frequently over time)


2. Epistemic vs. deontic modality
Epistemic modality:
o is concerned with the degree of likelihood of a proposition
o Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistēmē) ‘knowledge’
o reflects the extent/degree of the speaker’s knowledge about the truth of a proposition




 necessity: very certain
 probability: quite certain, not too certain
 possibility: you think, but not sure

o Epistemic modality forms an integrated continuum with the indicative mood (cf two ends of
the cline – factual/counterfactual)
o Thus, we paraphrase epistemic utterances as finite propositions (‘that’-clause):
 she must have left the room
 the only plausible conclusion is that she has left the room
 she will have left the room
 it is probable that she has left the room
 she may have left the room
 it is possible that she has left the room

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