Summary
Summary Socialism - A-Level notes for Political Ideologies
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Collectivism Common humanity Equality Common ownership Social class - Working class lead. Workers' control
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CollectivismCommon humanity
Equality
Common ownership
Social class - Working class lead.
Workers' control
Human nature: Common humanity. Social Class. Workers' control.
Agree: Revolutionary - Marx, Engles and Luxemburg: Put the workers first. They're perfectly capable of
making decisions for themselves if nurtured well. Social determination can only be expressed under
communism. Capable of leading satisfying lives based on fulfilling work. No elite whatsoever.
Disagree: Webb: Average person was selfish and limited and so didn't approve of direct democracy. Need
an elite of specialists to lead. Government-esque.
Also disagree: Responsible to fend for themselves.
The State: Equality. Workers' control. Social class.
Agree: Revolutionary and Evolutionary - Marx, Engles, Luxemburg and Webb: Equality of wealth is main
objective. Allocates all resources and monitors + regulates all markets. Capitalist state needed to be
overthrown. Workers needed to conquest political power, a constant level of economic activity.
Expanded, made up of highly trained specialists and admins who would organise society and the
economy
Disagree: Revisionist Crosland. Keynesian economics. Should be a safety net for the market, instead of
complete regulation and control.
Also disagree: Third Way Giddens: Less / No government regulation, free market should be allowed to
flourish. Invest in infrastructure of society, education, subsidies for employment etc.
Society: Collectivism. Common Ownership. Equality.
Agree: Revolutionary - Marx, Engles and Luxemburg: Should be led by the workers for the workers, no
elitists, nothing. No leaders, only workers working together for their collective benefit. Needed workers
to realise their situation so they revolt
Disagree: Evolutionary - Webb: An elite group of specialists lead.
Disagree also: Revisionist and Third Wayers Anthony Crossland and Giddens: Socialism had to move and
adapt beyond “equality of opportunity”. Still be more communitarian as this stops resentment between
the class’ inequalities and doesn’t adversely affect the economy + offset the negative impacts that the
free market may bring.
Economy: Common ownership. Workers' control.
Agree: All resources to be allocated by the State and State only. No private distribution
Disagree: Giddens and Crosland: Keynesian, Mixed or free economy, still private businesses but still
somewhat regulated, or maybe not. Government intervening to widen windows of opportunity for the
public.
Socialism
Revolutionary Karl Marx + Friedrich Engles - (1818-1883)
Human Nature: Humans are socially determined, and this can only be expressed under communism.
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