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Summary of the book Introduction to sociology
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This is a summary of the book Introduction to Sociology ISBN: 9780815353850 by Frank van Tubbergen (2020). This summary covers the literature of both exams.
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VOLLEDIGE samenvatting (chapter 1 t/m 13) van 'introduction to sociology' van Frank Tubergen + kennisclips, voorbeelden, theoretische begrippenlijst
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Summary - Introduction to Sociology
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Inleiding sociologie Hst 1-12
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Introduction to SociologyBOEK: Van Tubergen, Frank. 2020. Introduction to Sociology. New York en Abingdon: Routledge.
ISBN: 9780815353850
Chapter 1. Question
1.1. Sociological perspective
Individual perspective = type of explanation of human behavior which focuses on individual
cases. → individuele kenmerken, oorzaken van een person. Bijv. Individuele oorzaken van
obsesitas
Social context = social environment in which people are embedded. (school, familie werk,
(woon)omgeving
Sociological perspective = type of explanation of human behavior which focuses on social
causes.
→ if the social context of a person plays a role in understanding obesity, then we should
expect to see the countries differ in how many people are obese.
→ sociale verbanden en oorzaken. En bestuderen van de gevolgen van de verandering
social phenomenon = collective human behavior.
- Sociologists aim to understand social phenomenon: human behavior typically results
from shared contextual conditions and how subsequently that gives rise to collective
outcomes.
Hoe verhouden individueel en sociologisch perspectief zich tot elkaar?
1. Supplemental = ze vullen elkaar aan, beide factoren bekijken
2. Alternatives = alternatieven van elkaar. Het een of het ander
3. Onderscheid maken tussen proximate and ultimate causes
proximate = factors that are close to the phenomena
Ultimate = factors that underlie proximate causes
Ultimate cause (bullying at school → proximate cause (negative self-image) → consequences
(obesity)
Micro = the level at which individuals operate
Meso= social contexts at the intermediate level. → families, neighborhoods, schools,
organizations. Deze staan het dichtstbij de individu. Individu kan hier direct in opereren.
Macro = social contexts that are broader than meso → nations, group of nations, continents.
1.2 Social problems
social problem (public issue) = (1) goes beyond the individual (it affects many people), (2) it
is a public issue about which many people are concerned (it is in conflict with certain values),
A longer list of social problems could include:
- Corruption in organizations
- Crime and unsafety in neighborhoods
- Bullying at school
- Violence and abuse in families
1
,- Excessive income inequality
- Interethnic tensions
- War and collective violence
- Refugee crisis
- Societal polarization
- Global warming
Personal trouble = problem related to the personal life of an individual
→ als iemand bijv. Zelf problemen heeft met zijn
overgewicht
1.3 Three aims of sociology
1. Describe = accurate descriptions of social
phenomena.
2. Explain = scientific explanations for social
phenomena.
3. Apply = apply and share their insights. By doing
so, they return to the normative domain, to the
public concern about social problems. How?
First, sociological work can be valuable for coming
up with predictions, i.e. sociological findings can be
used to describe what is likely to happen. It could be
that sociological studies provide evidence to suggest
that some social problems will disappear, whereas others become more pressing.
The second way in which sociologists apply their knowledge is to develop and evaluate social
interventions. Interventions are based on scientific insights and empirical work, and are
targeted towards reducing social problems.
societal relevance = When sociological work is carried out in view of current social problems
that exist in society
1.4 Three types of sociological questions
Type of question Symbol Nature of question Examples
Descriptive Q(d) How much, many? How high is the
What is happening? crime rate in Brasil
and Canada?
Theoretical Q(t) Why is this Why is the crime
happening? rate higher in Brazil
than in Canada?
Application Q(a) What will happen in How will the crime
the future? What rate develop in
are the Brasil? Which
consequences of a interventions reduce
certain social crime?
intervention?
2
,1.5 The Art of asking good sociological questions
Het stellen van geode sociologische vragen hangt af van 2 elementen:
1. Precision
2. Relevance
Ill-defined question = which is vague and ambiguous (slecht geformuleerd)
Precise question = question which has clear interpretation.
In developing a precise question, a sociologists needs to look at 4 Question ingredients =
elements of a question which can be specified:
1. Behavior of interest (het gedrag wat je wil gaan verklaren)
2. Social context
3. Period
4. populations
False theoretical question = aims to explain something that does not exist. So the
description has to be correct
Comparatice-case-question = includes some comparison of cases, such as, multiple social
contexts, moments in time and/or populations.
→ How high is the crime rate in England and Australia in 2015?
Relevant question = formulate sociological question to be as relevant as you can. In
developing more-relevant questions, pay attention to 1. Societal relevance
(maatschappelijke relevantie) en 2. Scientific relevance (wetenschappelijk)
1.6 Sociology and common sense
Sociological knowledge often challenges common sense.
Common sense = people’s descriptions of reality and their explanations.
→ Indeed, an important role for sociologists is to debunk myths and uncover social patterns
that are sometimes surprising and counterintuitive.
3
, • As private sociologists, we rely on intuitive and story thinking.
• hindsight bias, as after being presented with the facts or explanations, people think
it makes sense and is obvious.
1.7 Sociology as cumulative science
Cumulative science = the practice that theories and observations of earlies studies are
incorporated in the work of successive studies
Background knowledge = the theories and observations that are known before the study
commences
Example:
Study 1
Onderzoeker stelt een descriptive question over een social fenomeen wat hij observeert.
Descriptive question → observation
Study 2: cumulative science
Onderzoeker raakt geinteresseerd in de observatie uit study 1 en doet hier een onderzoek
naar.
Background knowledge → theoretical question → theory
Study 3: Cumulative science
Onderzoeker denkt dat theorie uit study 2 niet waar is. Hij kijkt breder dan alleen de
gegeven theorie uit study 2. Waardoor hij meer achtergrond info krijgt, dit onderzoekt en
een nieuwe theorie vormt.
Background knowledge → observations → theory
Chapter 2. Theories
2.2 Theories and explanations
Theory schema = type of theory tool in which propositions, conditions, hypotheses and
observations are written out as statements.
Proposition = universal statement about the causal relations between 2 or more concepts.
Condition = assumption about the specific setting which relates propositions to observations
and hypotheses.
Dus: Observatie is sociale fenomeen wat je observeert/gaat onderzoeken.
De propositie en conditie zeggen iets over de observatie. De P en C kun je uit de O halen.
De hypothese is af te leiden uit de propositie, werk van boven naar beneden. Als je
voorspellingen niet kloppen, klopt het achterliggende idee ook niet.
Hypotheses = testable prediction derived from theory
P: hoge schulden leiden tot meer armoede
C: In 2020 worden er in NL door mensen hogere schulden gemaakt t.o.v. 2018
O: t.o.v. 2018 zijn mensen in 2020 in NL armer, omdat zij hogere schulden maken.
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