PYC3703 Cognitive Psychology (2021 - Semester 1 and Semester 2 - Assignment 3)

PYC3703 – Cognitive Psychology 2021 – Semester 1 and Semester 2 – Assignment 3 Question #1: Wundt thought he could achieve this scientific description of the components of experience by using ... 1. analytical introspection 2. saving method 3. observations 4. choice reaction time Question #2 During the 1950s, many psychologists were becoming disillusioned with behaviourism, and cognitive psychology began to emerge. A major reason why they were disappointed with behaviourism is because it ... 1. was purely empirical approach to psychological research. 2. could not throw any light on the internal, cognitive mechanisms underlying human behaviour. 3. did not pay sufficient attention to the observation and measurement of behaviour. 4. focused too much on social and emotional aspects and not enough on the personal and introspective factors causing behaviour. Question #3: Donder’s (1868) main reasoning for doing a choice reaction time experiment was to study ... 1. sensation 2. childhood attachment styles 3. decision making 4. personally development Question 4: The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was ... 1. Franciscus Donders 2. Hermann von Helmholtz 3. Wilhelm Wundt 4. Hermann Ebbinghaus Question 5: Chomsky saw language development as being determined not by imitation or reinforcement, but by an ... that holds across cultures. 1. an inborn biological program 2. cultural influences 3. classical conditioning 4. operant conditioning Question 6: Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following? 1. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. 2. A computer program for solving logical problems. 3. An experimental procedure information. 4. The first textbook of cognitive psychology. Question 7: The ‘Cognitive revolution’ ... 1. occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers. 2. extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt’s introspection experiments. 3. was a grateful process that occurred over a few decades. 4. part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory. Question 8: Another effect of brain damage on visual functioning, reported in patients who damage to the temporal lobe on the lower right side of the brain, is ... an inability to recognise face. 1. double dissociation 2. prosopagnosia 3. amnesia 4. epilepsy Question 9: The approach to studying the brain in order to understand what specific part of it controls a specific skill or cognitive process is called ... 1. synthesis 2. localization of function 3. distributed Representation 4. brain lesioning Question 10: The ... states that everything a person experiences is based not on direct contact with stimuli, but on representation in the person’s nervous system. 1. principle of feature detectors 2. notion complex visual stimuli 3. concept of neurotransmitters 4. principle of neural representation Question 11: The synapse typically consists of ... 1. some dendrites, the cell body, and an axon ending in the terminals 2. some dendrites, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron’s axon 3. the end of an axon, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron’s dendrites 4. a complete cell, a space, and another complete cell Question 12: Casey was involved in a motor car accident, and sustained serious injury to both the temporal and occipital lobes of her brain. Based on the seriousness of her injuries, the attendant neuropsychologist suspects that one of the unfortunate consequences of the accident will be impairment in her ... 1. language processing and long-term planning capabilities 2. execution of movement and sensing texture 3. auditory and visual processing 4. somatosensory processing Question 13: Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the ‘nerve net’. These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be ... 1. continuous 2. composed of discrete individual units 3. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites 4. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons Question 14: The key structural components of neurons are ... 1. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters 2. axon, dendrites, and glands 3. cell body, dendrites, and axon 4. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier Question 15: A synapse is ... 1. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals 2. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive 3. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons 4. the gap that separates two different neurons Question 16: Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when ... 1. animal faces are substituted for human faces 2. the faces are of children 3. the faces are viewed from an angle 4. the faces are of people with scars or deformities Question 17: Viewpoint ... is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives. 1. consistency 2. resistance 3. constancy 4. invariance Question 18: Maria took a drink from a container marked ‘milk. Surprised, she quickly spat out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria like orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by ... 1. reception on the stimulus 2. bottom-up processing 3. top-down processing 4. focused attention Question 19: When Carlos moved to the UK, he did not understand any English. A phrase like ‘I Scream Class Hick’ didn’t make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as ‘Ice Cream Classic.’ This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ... in English. 1. speech segmentation 2. the likelihood principle 3. bottom-up processing 4. algorithms Question 20: Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by ... 1. Goldstein 2. Gestalt psychologists 3. Helmholtz 4. Gibson Question 21: The likelihood principle states that ... 1. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received 2. we perceive size to remain the same even when objects move to different distances 3. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations 4. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object Question 22: You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of ... 1. good continuation 2. simplicity 3. familiarity 4. good figure Question 23: The ... is where the major work of working memory occurs. 1. operation span 2. central executive 3. phonological loop 4. visuospatial sketch pad Question 24: Short-term memory is distinguished from long-term memory by ... (a) it capacity (b) its retention duration 1. Only (a) 2. Only (b) 3. Neither (a) nor (b) 4. Both (a) and (b) Question 25: This part of the working memory model allows for an interface that can integrate different types of information from various systems: 1. central executive 2. episodic buffer 3. phonological loop 4. visuospatial sketchpad Question 26: Participants in an experiment read over a list of words. A second unrelated task (a filler task) is then completed. For the final task, participant rate letter strings as words or non-words. The results indicate that participants in general were faster at in identifying words form the first list. This facilitation in response to those items from the first tasks is an example of ... 1. Phonological processing 2. Synesthesia 3. Levels of processing 4. Priming Question 27: A person who has suffered some sort of brain injury affecting his or her hippocampus is most likely to show difficulty with ... 1. the consolidation of encoded information in the long-term store 2. encoding of procedural information 3. retrieval of semantic information 4. retrieval of episodic information Question 28: According to the encoding specificity principle, memory recall is based on an interaction between ... 1. encoding and retrieval 2. motivation and mnemonic strategy 3. the level of processing and semantic memory 4. implicit memory and the temporal aspects of recall Question 29: Raphael is an amnesic patient. When specifically asked to remember a particular set of information, he does poorly. When indirectly measured on the same information, Raphael shows signs of learning. This suggests (a) ... is impaired by amnesia while (b) ... is not impaired. 1. (a) implicit memory (b) explicit memory 2. (a) recognition memory (b) recall memory 3. (a)explicit memory (b) implicit memory 4. (a) recall memory (b) recognition memory Question 30: Which one of the following is the best example of a specifically explicit memory task? 1. You are shown a set of photos, and you are asked which ones are familiar because you have seen them before. 2. You supply free associations more quickly to words you have seen before than to unfamiliar words. 3. You are shown some word fragments, and you complete the words more quickly if you have seen them before. 4. You dial a familiar phone number more quickly than an unfamiliar phone number.