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Cell Structure
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A compilation of my notes on cell structure
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Cell StructureAnimal Cells
• The plasma/cell membrane is a thin layer composed of lipids and proteins which controls what
substances enter and exit the cells. Present also at the membrane of organelles (mitochondrion,
Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts etc.)
• Nucleus is a large organelle which is surrounded by an envelope and contains chromosomes. It
controls which proteins are produced and when. The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus,
the nuclear pores are small gaps all over the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus is a darkly
staining are in the nucleus which contains the DNA used to make ribosomal RNA which is a
component of ribosomes.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is continuous with the nuclear envelope and is where most
protein synthesis takes place.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) does not have ribosomes associated with it. Carries out
metabolic reactions such as steroid synthesis in the ovary, lipid synthesis and toxin breakdown
in the liver.
• The ribosomes are small organelles in which the translation step of protein synthesis occurs.
• The Golgi body/apparatus is a stack of flattened cistern and associated vesicles. It modifies
proteins from protein synthesis. It also produces lysosomes.
• Lysosomes are small membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes. They fuse with
other vesicles in the cell that contain something that needs to be digested such as an unwanted
bacterium or worn-out organelles.
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