Dit vak werd gegeven in het eerste semester van 2021. Deze samenvatting is een combinatie van de lesopnames, powerpoints en het handboek.
Dit bevat alles en is voldoende om te slagen.
Inhoud
1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................5
2. Polegomena........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Paradigmatische strijd en theoretische diversiteit in de communicatiewetenschappen..............6
2.1.1 Het paradigmabegrip.............................................................................................................6
2.2 Centrale thema’s in de communicatiewetenschappen.................................................................7
2.2.1 Macht.....................................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Sociale integratie en identiteit...............................................................................................9
2.2.3 Sociale verandering en de dubbele dimensie van media.....................................................10
2.2.4 Ruimte en tijd verhouding media........................................................................................11
3. Bouwstenen van discipline en praktijk.............................................................................................12
3.1 Het teken als basis voor betekenisvol communiceren................................................................12
3.1.1 Semiotiek.............................................................................................................................12
3.1.2 Teken, tekensysteem en tekenindeling...............................................................................12
3.2 Elementen van communicatieproces..........................................................................................15
3.2.1 Communicator.....................................................................................................................16
3.2.2 Boodschap...........................................................................................................................16
3.2.3 Encoderen en decoderen.....................................................................................................17
3.2.4 Transmissie, kanaal en medium...........................................................................................18
3.2.5 Ontvanger............................................................................................................................19
3.2.6 Een circulair communicatieproces: het procesmodel van Oomkes.....................................19
3.2.7 Wanneer is een communicatieproces gelaagd?..................................................................20
3.3 Verschillende visies op communicatieproces.............................................................................20
3.3.1 Transmissievisie...................................................................................................................20
3.3.2 Rituele visie of expressiemodel...........................................................................................21
3.3.3 Attentievisie of publiciteitsmodel........................................................................................21
3.3.4 Receptievisie (Enc-Dec-model)............................................................................................22
3.3.5 2 theoretische scholen van Fiske.........................................................................................22
3.4 Vormen van communicatie.........................................................................................................22
3.4.1 Intrapersoonlijke communicatie..........................................................................................22
3.4.2 Interpersoonlijke communicatie..........................................................................................22
3.4.3 Massacommunicatie............................................................................................................23
3.4.4 Non-verbale communicatie.................................................................................................23
4. Coming of age: onderzoek naar media en communicatie in eerste helft 20 ste eeuw........................26
4.1 De massamaatschappij...............................................................................................................26
, 4.1.1 Contextualisering.................................................................................................................26
4.1.2 Concepten en ideeën in denken over massamaatschappij..................................................26
4.1.3 Massamaatschappijtheorie..................................................................................................27
4.1.4 Kritieken en evaluatie..........................................................................................................27
4.2 Propaganda.................................................................................................................................28
4.2.1 De propagandatheorie van Lasswell........................................................................................29
4.2.2 Het paradigma van kritische propagandastudies.....................................................................29
4.2.3 Paradigmatische strijd.............................................................................................................30
4.3 Institutionalisering van de communicatiewetenschappen.........................................................30
4.3.1 Founding fathers......................................................................................................................30
4.3.2 Administratief en kritisch onderzoek.......................................................................................31
4.4 Communicatiemodellen..............................................................................................................31
4.4.1 Modellen van communicatieproces als gebruiksinstrument...............................................32
4.4.2 Communicatiemodel van Lasswell (1948)............................................................................32
4.4.3 Communicatiemodel van Shannon en Weaver (1949).........................................................32
5. Snelle opkomst en bloei van communicatiewetenschappen: slingerbewegingen in
mainstreamparadigma.........................................................................................................................34
5.1 De mosterd van communicatiewetenschappen (inspiratie).......................................................34
5.1.1 Functionalisme en functionalistische mediatheorie............................................................34
5.1.2 De actiegerichte benaderingen en interpretatieve theorie.................................................36
5.1.3 Psychologie en cognitieve dissonantie.................................................................................37
5.1.4 Sociolinguïstiek....................................................................................................................37
5.2 Communicatiemodellen..............................................................................................................39
5.2.1 Balansmodel of ABX-model van Newcomb..........................................................................39
5.2.2 Communicatiemodel van Schramm.....................................................................................40
5.2.3 Communicatiemodel van Gerbner.......................................................................................40
5.2.4 Communicatiemodel van Jakobson.....................................................................................42
5.3 Media en publiek: van machtige media naar limited effects en weer terug...............................43
5.3.1 Een gelimiteerde macht van media.....................................................................................43
5.3.2 Machtige media: de sequel..................................................................................................45
6. Alternatieve kritische paradigma......................................................................................................48
6.1 Marxistische benaderingen.........................................................................................................48
6.1.1 Basiselementen....................................................................................................................48
6.1.2 Onderbouw en bovenbouw.................................................................................................49
6.1.3 Media...................................................................................................................................49
6.1.4 Kritiek...................................................................................................................................50
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, 6.2 Kritische theorie en de Frankfurter Schule.................................................................................51
6.2.1 Origine en onderzoeksprogramma......................................................................................51
6.2.2 De culturele dimensie en het functioneren van de cultuurindustrie...................................52
6.2.3 De politieke dimensie en de teloorgang van de publieke sfeer...........................................52
6.2.4 Kritieken op FS.....................................................................................................................53
6.3 Politieke economie van communicatie.......................................................................................53
6.3.1 Kritische politieke economie................................................................................................53
6.3.2 Focus en onderzoeksdomeinen...........................................................................................53
6.3.3 Onderzoeksprogramma.......................................................................................................54
6.3.4 Kritieken...............................................................................................................................54
6.4 Cultural studies...........................................................................................................................54
6.4.1 Oorsprong............................................................................................................................54
6.4.2 Twee paradigma’s................................................................................................................54
6.4.3 Onderzoeksprogramma.......................................................................................................56
6.4.4 Kritieken...............................................................................................................................56
6.5 Post-benaderingen.....................................................................................................................56
6.5.1 Poststructuralisme...............................................................................................................56
6.5.2 Creatieve consumptie..........................................................................................................57
6.5.3 Postmodernisme..................................................................................................................58
7. Nieuwe tijden, nieuwe media en nieuwe theorieën.........................................................................60
7.1 Media en communicatietechnologie een onderzoeksmatig niemandsland?..............................60
7.2 Mediumtechnologische benaderingen (eerste mediatheorie)...................................................63
7.3 De Toronto School..................................................................................................................63
7.4 Informatiemaatschappijtheorie..................................................................................................64
7.5 Nieuwe mediatheorieën.............................................................................................................64
7.5.1 New media theory...............................................................................................................64
7.5.2 Practice theory.....................................................................................................................65
7.5.3 Mediatization.......................................................................................................................65
8. Sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheorieën: de krachtlijnen.............................................................67
8.1 Four things you didn’t know about (media) theory....................................................................67
8.2 Sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheorieën: een overzicht.........................................................68
8.2.1 Massamaatschappijtheorie..................................................................................................68
8.2.2 Functionalistische mediatheorie..........................................................................................68
8.2.3 Frankfurter Schule...............................................................................................................69
8.2.4 De politieke economie van communicatie...........................................................................70
8.2.5 Cultural studies....................................................................................................................70
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, 8.2.6 Postmodernisme..................................................................................................................71
8.2.7 Mediumtechnologische theorieën.......................................................................................71
8.2.8 Informatiemaatschappijtheorie...........................................................................................72
8.2.9 Practice theory.....................................................................................................................72
8.2.10 New media theory.............................................................................................................72
8.2.12 Mediatization.....................................................................................................................73
8.2.13 4 golven in het denken van mediatheorieën.....................................................................73
9 De communicator..............................................................................................................................74
9.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................74
9.2 Een mediasociologisch perspectief op de communicator...........................................................74
9.2.1 Mediasystemen...................................................................................................................74
9.2.2 Media-instelling en mediaorganisatie..................................................................................75
9.3 Communicatorstudies: een typologie.........................................................................................75
9.4 Gatekeeping en gatewatching....................................................................................................76
9.5 De beroepsrol en professionalisering van de communicator.....................................................79
10 Mediacontent, representatie en cultuur.........................................................................................81
10.1 Representatie, beeldvorming en media....................................................................................81
10.1.1 Representatie: weerspiegeling of vertekening?.................................................................81
10.1.2 Stereotypering en categorisering.......................................................................................82
10.1.3 Belang van beeldvorming in de media...............................................................................83
10.1.4 Beeldvorming onderzocht: ‘framing’ en ‘framing’-analyse................................................84
10.2 Verschillende vormen van media-inhoud.................................................................................84
10.2.1 Genre.................................................................................................................................84
10.2.2 ‘media logic’ en format......................................................................................................84
10.3 Cultuur......................................................................................................................................85
10.3.1 Een definitie van cultuur....................................................................................................85
10.3.2 Cultuur en communicatie..................................................................................................85
10.3.3 Cultuur, subcultuur en identiteit........................................................................................85
11 De ontvanger...................................................................................................................................87
11.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................87
11.2 Wie of wat is de ontvanger?.....................................................................................................87
11.3 Ontwikkelingen in het publieksonderzoek................................................................................87
11.4 Persuasieve communicatie.......................................................................................................88
11.4.1 Begripsverduidelijking........................................................................................................88
11.4.2 Basismodellen van persuasieve communicatie..................................................................88
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