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Samenvatting Hersenen En Cognitie (2018)
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het is een samenvatting van het boek brain and cognition
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InhoudsopgavenH1: Chapter 1 introduction to cognitive psychology..............................................................................3
H2: Chapter 5 vision...............................................................................................................................8
Module 5.1 visual coding....................................................................................................................8
Module 5.2 how the brain processes visual information..................................................................10
Module 5.3 parallel processing in the visual cortex..........................................................................13
H3: chapter 6 other sensory systems...................................................................................................15
Module 6.1 audition.........................................................................................................................15
Module 6.2 the mechanical senses...................................................................................................18
Module 6.3 the chemical senses.......................................................................................................21
H4: chapter 5 the perceiving mind.......................................................................................................24
H5: chapter 3 perception......................................................................................................................25
3.1.....................................................................................................................................................25
3.2.....................................................................................................................................................27
3.3.....................................................................................................................................................29
H6: chapter 4 attention........................................................................................................................31
4.1.....................................................................................................................................................31
4.2.....................................................................................................................................................33
4.3.....................................................................................................................................................35
H7: module 13.2 conscious and unconscious processes.......................................................................37
H8: chapter 5 short-term and working memory...................................................................................40
5.1.....................................................................................................................................................40
5.2.....................................................................................................................................................42
H9: chapter 6 long-term memory: structure........................................................................................45
6.1.....................................................................................................................................................45
6.2.....................................................................................................................................................47
6.3.....................................................................................................................................................49
H10: chapter 7 long-term memory: encoding, retrieval and consolidation..........................................50
7.1.....................................................................................................................................................50
7.2.....................................................................................................................................................52
7.3.....................................................................................................................................................53
H11: chapter 8 everyday memory and memory errors........................................................................56
8.1.....................................................................................................................................................56
8.2.....................................................................................................................................................58
8.3.....................................................................................................................................................60
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H12: chapter 12 learning and memory.................................................................................................62
Module 12.1 learning, memory, and memory loss...........................................................................62
Module 12.2 the hippocampus and the striatum.............................................................................65
Module 12.3 storing information in the nervous system..................................................................67
H13: chapter 8 the adaptive mind........................................................................................................69
8.1 types of learning.........................................................................................................................69
8.2 classical conditioning phenomena..............................................................................................70
8.3 schedules of reinforcement........................................................................................................72
8.4 what is observational learning?..................................................................................................75
Toegepaste cognitieve psychologie (TCP).............................................................................................76
H14: chapter 9 knowledge....................................................................................................................79
9.1.....................................................................................................................................................79
9.2.....................................................................................................................................................81
H15: chapter 11 language.....................................................................................................................83
11.1...................................................................................................................................................83
11.2...................................................................................................................................................86
11.3...................................................................................................................................................88
H16: chapter 13 cognitive functions.....................................................................................................90
Module 13.1 lateralization and language.........................................................................................90
Signaal-detectietheorie........................................................................................................................94
H17: chapter 12 problem solving..........................................................................................................97
12.1...................................................................................................................................................97
12.2...................................................................................................................................................99
H18: chapter 13 judgement, reasoning and decisions........................................................................102
13.1.................................................................................................................................................102
13.2.................................................................................................................................................104
13.3.................................................................................................................................................105
2
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H1: Chapter 1 introduction to cognitive
psychology
Factors related to cognitive psychology:
Perception
Attention
Memory
Knowledge
Visual imagery
Language
Problem solving
Judgment, decisions and reasoning
Cognitive psychology: the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind.
Cognitive psychology: studying the mind
Mind
What is the mind?
Different definitions of the mind:
The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory,
emotions, language, deciding, thinking and reasoning. (central role in determining our
various mental abilities)
The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within to
achieve our goals. (importance for functioning and survival
Cognition: the mental processes, such as perception, attention and memory, that are what the mind
does.
Even the most routine things involve many sophisticated qualities and complex operations of the
mind.
Studying the mind: early works in cognitive psychology
Franciscus Donders (Dutch) did one of the first cognitive psychology experiments in 1868
1868: Donders’ pioneering experiment: how long does it take to make a decision?
Reaction time: how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus.
Simple reaction time was measured by speed at which the participants pushed a button after a light
turned on.
Choice reaction time was measured by using two lights and asking the participants to push the left
button when the left light went on and visa versa.
The steps that occur in the simple reaction time task:
1. presenting the stimulus
2. mental response
3. behavioural response
The reaction time is the time from the presentation of the stimulus until the response.
The steps that occur in the choice reaction time task are similar to the simple one but there is an
extra step at the mental response, the choice of which button to push.
Donders concluded that the decision-making process takes 100 ms.
Mental responses cannot be measured directly, but must be inferred from behaviour.
1879: Wundt’s psychology laboratory: structuralism and analytic introspection
3
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Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology in 1879 at the university of
Leipzig in Germany.
Structuralism: beliefs that our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of
experience which were called sensations. (was abandoned in the early 1900s)
Analytic introspection: a technique in which trained participants described their sensations, feelings
and thought processes in response to stimuli.
Empiricist approach: emphasizing the pivotal role of experiments in gaining knowledge about the
human mind.
1885: Ebbinghaus’ memory experiment: what is the time course of forgetting?
Ebbinghaus used a quantitative method for measuring memory.
He was a participant, he used 13 nonsense syllables to remove the influence of the meaning of the
words.
Savings: calculated as; savings= (original time to learn)-(time to re-learn after a delay)
Longer delays result in smaller savings (more forgotten info).
Savings curve: a plot of per cent savings versus time (delay). It shows that memory drops rapidly for
the first two days after initial learning and then levels off.
1890: William James’ principles of psychology
James’ observations were based not on the results of experiments but on observations about the
operation of his own mind.
Paying attention to one thing involves withdrawing from other things.
Abandoning the study of the mind
Studying of the mind was replaced by studying of the pure observable behaviour, behaviourism.
1913: Watson founds behaviourism
Behaviourism: what is the relation between stimuli in the environment and behaviour?
Watson’s ideas were closely associated with classical conditioning.
The only thing Watson cared about was how pairing one stimulus with another stimulus affected
behaviour.
1938: Skinner’s operant conditioning
Operant conditioning: focuses on how behaviour is strengthened by the presenting of positive
reinforcers or withdraw of negative reinforcers.
Setting the stage for the re-emergence of the mind in psychology
Cognitive map: a conception within the rat’s mind of the maze’s layout.
Skinner argued that children learn language through operant conditioning. Children imitate speech
that they hear and repeat correct speech because it is rewarded.
Noam Chormsky pointed out that children say many things that have never been rewarded or use
incorrect grammar which is also not reinforced.
The rebirth of the study of the mind
Cognitive revolution: a shift in psychology from the behaviourist’s stimulus-response relationships to
an approach whose main trust was to understand the operation of the mind.
Introduction of the digital computer
Computer were used in research universities to both analyse and to suggest a new way of thinking
about the mind.
Flow diagrams for computers
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