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part 1 lecture note
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- Institution
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Sorry for tons of misspelling and grammatical mistakes… ><💦📛&Lecture 1
Learning goals lecture 1
1. Identify institutions / organizations which are questioned by rise of populism
2. Define institutions and organizations
3. Distinguish formal vs informal
institutions
4. Categorize different types of
organizations
Two representations of The Netherlands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDNdK7 Cb0J0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3MpcBS 7IaM
All kinds of societal discontent is the target of the study as "institutions"
More and more we witness the crisis in the way of the institutional level
organization of society
● Song depicts what of the Netherlands' society?
○ Positive to live in
○ It is open society
○ Tolerant society allow people certain degree of freedom
○ Dignity is offered to people
○ Less respect to the authority figures
■ Making jokes with the police
○ Egalitarian, no hierarchy, status
○ Multicultural dimension
● This is the image of countries in 1990
○ Political and ideological struggles
■ Era of development of internet and economy
■ Broad optimism is depicted.
● Second video clip
○ Evening that the first successful populist leader in the Netherlands in 2002
was about to become the prime minister and got killed.
○ Riot in the Hague happened,
, ○ Core institution of including democracy was pushed away
○ It was the beginning of the long line up of populist leaders and the
emergency of the societal discontent.
■ It lasts around the world until today.
● Several pictures of the populists in the world
○ Some left and right populists.
2
Main aim of this course
A better, richer and deeper understanding of the current state of key societal
institutions and organizations, given the seemingly widespread discontent about
them and the rise of populism.
Are we really witnessing a deep institutional crisis in our society?
3
Which institutions/organizations are questioned?
• Representative democracy (Zielonka)
• Independence & authority of non-
majoritarian institutions (Zielonka) – Judiciary
● Non-majoritarian means "any institution where the people are not appointed by
majority votes"
– Media
– Education
– Central banks
● What type of institutions are attacked or questions among others (not only but by
populist political parties)?
● What are they unsatisfied of and what do they want to change in the society?
○ Level of migration
■ European union towards migrants supporters are dissatisfied by the
populists.
■ Immigration policy
● Issue of many populist leaders in democracy in the way it is organized now?
○ They have trouble with political elites, caused the party cliques.
■ Linkages between political, economical, academic, cultural elites…
● What type of democracy is in question?
○ Representative democracy
■ Votes
■ Fact that the current system want the votes once in 4 years,
, ■ We cannot do anything within the 4 years. So we need more
direct democracy. How do we want that?
■ They want more referendums.
○ Media
■ They produce fake news that elites privilege from
○ University
■ Too left!
■ Media and universities, education are both too left.
○ Banks
■ New liberal order in the financial institution, especially the powerful
global financial institution.
○ Judges
■ Non-majoritarian
○ Non-legitimated organizations and institutions
■ Such as judiciary, civil servants and party cartels
■ Civil servants working in ministry have to be elected too!
What populists want is doing something about the independence of
the institutions.
4
Baudet’s victory speech for Provincial Elections
‘Our civilization is in shambles... We have been called to the battlefront ... And we,
dear dear friends, are the product of 300 thousand years of evolution. We survived
several ice ages. We killed mammoths. We.. We are the carriers, we are the heirs
of the biggest civilization that ever existed.... And some decades of indoctrination
by the media and education will never be able to bury that.’
● Broader, entire civilization is under threat.
5
Which institutions/organizations are questioned?
• Market vs. government (Judt)
– Backlash of neoliberal economic policies
– Confusion about what the tasks are of the
government, what can be left to the market
and what responsibilities are of citizens
– Decline of (protective) welfare state
, ● People in society who vote are not so sure that the media education should stay
as independent as it is currently.
● Banks, healthcare system are not the way in which our institutional order is being
questioned might be another reason for the discontent among big group of
society
○ We are confused about How to organize society when it comes to market
into the government? Since the 1980s, a lot of public services have been
privatized. Did it become better in society? It is more marketized.
● Another interpretation of the contemporary discontent Backlash against the new
liberal economic policy.
○ Losing the savings and jobs in the bank during the financial crisis in 2008.
○ Lot of the governments in the world are forced to cut public expenditure.
■ Otherwise, the crisis would continue.
■ There is discontent; economic elites profiting from the new liberal
markets.
■ Public housing company in the Netherlands. It was
established to offer the house for poor people, but has
profited since they are privatized.
● Deep confusion of the tasks of the governments and markets, and their intentions
to give more responsibilities of the citizens themselves.
○ If citizens need help, the government wants them to take care of
themselves.
■ Participation society where everybody participate in providing care
for each other
■ But isn't it stretching the demands on your citizens and is it
possible?
○ Decline of the welfare state.
■ The state that has protected citizens. That is no longer the case.
■ At the moment, when there is need for help is bigger than ever due
to the migration, globalization,
■ People think that these people steal their jobs away.
6
Not self-evident how to make sense of discontent
● Why discontent if people say they are happy and mankind is doing extremely well
objectively? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABVVDSgihYs
● Does it have economic, political or cultural roots?
● Why is it not spread evenly over populations?
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