Dit document omvat aantekeningen en slides van het vak Neurofysiologie (). Moeilijkere onderdelen zijn zeer uitvoerig uitgetypt zoals prof. Vogels deze vertelde.
(Transductiesystemen van het gustatief systeem dienden we in het academiejaar niet te kennen)
Inhoud
1. Hersencellen: celbiologie ................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Hoe ziet een neuron eruit?...................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Het prototypisch neuron ................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Gliacellen ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 Astrocieten .................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.2 Myeline glia ................................................................................................................... 11
2. Methoden van onderzoek in de neurowetenschappen – organisatieniveaus .............................. 11
2.1 Technieken om de niveaus te onderzoeken.......................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Correlatieve technieken ................................................................................................ 14
2.1.2 Causale technieken........................................................................................................ 23
2.2 Gebruik van dieren in neurowetenschappelijk onderzoek ................................................... 25
2.2.1 Zijn er alternatieven voor aaponderzoek? .................................................................... 25
1. Het celmembraan .......................................................................................................................... 27
2. Ionen (4) ........................................................................................................................................ 27
2.1 Ionenkanalen in membraan .................................................................................................. 28
2.2 De beweging van ionen ......................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Concentraties van ionen intra- VS. extracellulair .................................................................. 29
2.3.1 Natrium-Kalium pomp ................................................................................................... 29
2.3.2 De ionische basis van het rustmembraanpotentiaal ..................................................... 29
3. De actiepotentiaal ......................................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Eigenschappen van het actiepotentiaal ................................................................................ 31
3.2 Het actiepotentiaal, in theorie .............................................................................................. 33
3.3 Het actiepotentiaal in realiteit .............................................................................................. 33
3.4 Moleculaire basis van actiepotentiaal................................................................................... 34
3.5 Het actiepotentiaal, in realiteit (vervolg) .............................................................................. 35
3.5.1 Refractaire perioden...................................................................................................... 35
3.6 Geleiding van de actiepotentiaal........................................................................................... 37
3.7 Actiepotentialen, axonen en dendrieten .............................................................................. 38
1. Synaptische transmissie ................................................................................................................ 38
1.1 Types synapsen...................................................................................................................... 38
1.1.1 Elektrische synapsen ..................................................................................................... 39
1.1.2 Chemische synaps ......................................................................................................... 39
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Phaedra Vanhove (2020-2021)
, 1.2 Types CZS synapsen ............................................................................................................... 40
1.2.1 Verschillende groottes en vormen van CZS synapsen ................................................... 40
1.2.2 Overzicht van chemische synaptische transmissie........................................................ 41
1.3 Wat gebeurt er met neurotransmitter na binding met receptor: diffusie en… .................... 45
2. Neurofarmacologie........................................................................................................................ 46
2.1 Synaptische integratie ........................................................................................................... 46
2.1.1 Principes van synaptische integratie ............................................................................. 46
2.1.2 Excitatorische en inhibitorische synapsen .................................................................... 47
1. Basis anatomische referenties ...................................................................................................... 47
1.1 Ruwe organisatie ................................................................................................................... 48
1.2 Gyri en Sulci: lagen van de neocortex = 6 ............................................................................. 50
1.2.1 Sensorische en motorische gebieden............................................................................ 51
1.3 Verschillende doorsnedes ..................................................................................................... 52
1.3.1 Mediaal zicht ................................................................................................................. 52
1.3.2 Coronale sectie .............................................................................................................. 53
1. De chemische zintuigen................................................................................................................. 54
1.1 Gustatief systeem (smaak) .................................................................................................... 54
1.1.1 Tong ............................................................................................................................... 55
1.1.2 De centrale gustatieve banen........................................................................................ 59
1.1.3 Neurale code van smaak ............................................................................................... 60
1.2 Olfactorisch systeem (reukorgaan) ....................................................................................... 62
1.2.1 Anatomie ....................................................................................................................... 63
1.2.2 Olfactorische receptor neuronen: transductie (niet op examen) ................................. 64
1.2.3 Bulbus olfactorius .......................................................................................................... 66
1.2.4 Populatiecodering ......................................................................................................... 67
1. Oog ................................................................................................................................................ 72
1.1 Eigenschappen van het licht .................................................................................................. 72
1.2 Grove anatomie van het oog ................................................................................................. 73
1.2.1 Cross-sectionele anatomie van het oog ........................................................................ 74
1.2.2 De pupil-lichtreflex ........................................................................................................ 76
1.2.3 Het visueel veld ............................................................................................................. 76
1.2.4 Microscopische anatomie van het netvlies (retina) ...................................................... 76
1.2.5 Het receptieve veld van een visuele cel ........................................................................ 82
2. Centraal visueel systeem ............................................................................................................... 87
2.1 De retinofugale projectie ...................................................................................................... 87
2.2 Rechter en linker visuele hemivelden ................................................................................... 87
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Phaedra Vanhove (2020-2021)
, 2.3 Het visuele pad dat visuele perceptie bemiddelt .................................................................. 88
2.4 Niet-thalamische doelen van de optic tract .......................................................................... 89
2.5 Retinale input naar de LGN lagen .......................................................................................... 90
2.5.1 Organisatie van het LGN ................................................................................................ 90
2.5.2 Receptieve velden ......................................................................................................... 91
2.6 Non-retinale input naar het LGN ........................................................................................... 92
2.7 Anatomie van de Striate (gestreepte) cortex (primaire visuele cortex) ............................... 93
2.7.1 Retinotopische organisatie ............................................................................................ 93
2.7.2 De retinotopische map in de striate cortex................................................................... 94
2.7.3 Cytoarchitectuur van de striate cortex.......................................................................... 96
2.7.4 Input naar de striate cortex ........................................................................................... 96
2.7.5 Oculaire dominante kolommen..................................................................................... 97
2.7.6 Mixen van informatie van de twee ogen ...................................................................... 97
2.7.7 Output van de striate cortex ......................................................................................... 97
2.7.8 Fysiologie van de striate cortex ..................................................................................... 98
2.7.9 Oriëntatie selectiviteit ................................................................................................... 98
2.7.10 Receptief veld organisatie van V1 neuronen .............................................................. 100
2.7.11 Kleurselectiviteit .......................................................................................................... 104
2.8 Voorbij de striate cortex ...................................................................................................... 107
2.8.1 Visuele areas in het menselijk brein ............................................................................ 108
2.8.2 Neuronen selectief voor gezichten ............................................................................. 110
1. Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 112
2. Geluid .......................................................................................................................................... 112
2.1 De aard van geluid ............................................................................................................... 112
2.2 Hoorbaar geluid ................................................................................................................... 112
3. Auditieve signalering - Structuur van het auditieve systeem...................................................... 113
3.1 Onderdelen van het middenoor .......................................................................................... 113
3.1.1 Het middenoor: verzwakkingsreflex (attenuatie) ....................................................... 114
3.2 Auditieve banen .................................................................................................................. 120
3.2.1 Reactie-eigenschappen van neuronen in auditieve route .......................................... 121
3.2.2 Geluidsintensiteit coderen .......................................................................................... 121
3.2.3 Geluidsfrequentie coderen/toonhoogte ..................................................................... 121
3.2.4 Mechanismen van geluidslokalisatie (horizontaal vlak) .............................................. 122
3.2.5 Lokalisatie van geluid in verticaal vlak ........................................................................ 124
3.3 Primaire auditieve cortex .................................................................................................... 125
3.3.1 Principes van auditieve cortex..................................................................................... 125
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Phaedra Vanhove (2020-2021)
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