Introduction to Epidemiology and Public Health (HNH24806)
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Glossary assignment 2020
Introduction to Epidemiology and Public Health
Definition in own Synonyms
Calculation Units
Concept Definition (source) words/ (if Additional questions Other comments
(if applicable) (if applicable)
give example applicable)
WEEK 1
1. Prevalence proportion Prevalence proportion Part of the total Prevalence proportion Proportion or What is difference Point prevalence: number of
is the proportion of population who has = number of people percentage between prevalence people who have a disease at a
people in a population a disease at a certain with a disease at a proportion and incidence specific time point
who have the disease time point given point in proportion? Period prevalence: number of
at a given point in Example: proportion time/total number of people who have a disease in a
time of the population people in the The easy way to remember specific time period
who has HIV population at the time the difference is that
prevalence is the
2. Incidence proportion Incidence proportion Proportion of people Incidence Incidence proportion = Proportion or proportion of cases in the
is the proportion of who develop a proportion number of people who percentage population at a given time
population that certain disease (IP) develop disease in a rather than rate of
develops a disease in Example: 5-year Cumulative specified occurrence of new cases.
a specified period survival after incidence period/number of Thus, incidence conveys
(new cases) treatment for (CI) people at risk of getting information about the risk
cervical cancer was the disease at the start of contracting the disease,
62% of the period whereas prevalence
indicates how widespread
the disease is – prevalence
shows amount in a point in
time, incidence shows new
cases over a time period
3. Incidence rate Number of new cases Rate at which new Incidence Incidence rate = Person-years What is the difference Incidence rate takes the
divided by person- cases of a disease rate (IR) number of people who between incidence perspective of what is happening
time experience of have occurred in a Incidence develop disease in a proportion and incidence from moment to moment (or
the population population density (ID) specified period/total rate? year to year). Incidence
Example: in 2018 the person-time when proportion takes the perspective
mortality in Dutch people were at risk of of what happens over an
women from getting the disease accumulation of time
myocardial infarction
was 24.9 per 100.000
person-years
4. Open cohort / dynamic Population where Example: Incidence rate What is the difference Open populations occur when
populations different people come Wageningen Campus between an open and a the total population is dynamic,
and go, but the total over time closed population? Can you with new members leaving and
numbers stay the think of examples for both? being added over time. Closed
1
, Definition in own Synonyms
Calculation Units
Concept Definition (source) words/ (if Additional questions Other comments
(if applicable) (if applicable)
give example applicable)
same populations occur when the
5. Closed populations Population that is Example: birth Fixed Incidence proportion members of population are fixed
based on fixed cohort population and incidence rate and no new members are added
membership, where or lost from the group (except
no one can be added, through birth and death).
but people can be
dropped out
WEEK 2
6. (Crude) mortality rate Crude rates describe The crude death rate Mortality rate = Explain the difference The difference between crude
the overall incidence is the number of number of deaths/total between crude and rates and standardized rates is
or death rate in a deaths occurring population standardised mortality that crude rates are calculated
population without among the rates based on the population under
taking any other population of a given study as a whole whereas
features of the geographical area standardized rates are based on
population into during a given year, particular characteristic(s) as
account per 1,000 mid-year standard
total population of
the given
geographical area
during the same year
7. Direct standardisation Direct standardisation The direct method of What is the added value of Good for comparing large
involves calculating standardisation direct standardisation? populations and allows
the overall rate that requires that the comparisons between the
we would see in a age-specific rates for standardised rates for different
‘standard’ population all populations being populations
if it had the same age- studied are available
specific rates of and that a standard You need the age-specific
disease as our study population is defined disease rates in your study
population population and the age
distribution of the standard
population.
8. Indirect standardisation Indirect The indirect method What is the difference In direct standardisation, the
standardisation of standardisation between direct and age-specific rates of the study
involves calculating requires the total indirect standardisation? populations are applied to just
the number of cases number of cases one standard population i.e. the
we would have weights applied to the age-
expected to see in our specific rates are the same. In
study population if it indirect standardisation, the
had the same age- weights applied to the standard
specific rates of age-specific rates depend on the
disease as a standard age structure of the study
2
, Definition in own Synonyms
Calculation Units
Concept Definition (source) words/ (if Additional questions Other comments
(if applicable) (if applicable)
give example applicable)
population populations.
9. Standardised incidence/ An incidence or The standardised What is the added value of They make comparisons possible
mortality rate mortality rate that has death rate is the standardised rates between different populations.
been adjusted by the death rate of a compared to crude rates?
process of direct population adjusted
standardisation to to a standard age
remove the potential distribution. It is
confounding effects of calculated as a
another variable, weighted average of
usually age. the age-specific
death rates of a
given population; the
weights are the age
distribution of that
population.
10. Comparative mortality The ratio of the age- Comparative CMR = age-adjusted How does the comparative It is the ratio of two standardized
figure (CMF) adjusted mortality mortality figure mortality rate of one mortality figure (CMF) mortality rates.
rate of two countries. (CMF) is the ratio of study population / age- relate to the standardised
the standardised adjusted mortality rate mortality rate?
death rate compared of other study
to the death rate in a population (or
standard population standard population)
11. Comparative incidence The ratio of the age- Comparative CIF = age-adjusted What is the difference CMF is about mortality (death)
figure (CIF) adjusted incidence incidence figure (CIF) incidence rate of one between CMF and CIF? and CIF is about incidence
rate of two countries. is a ratio of the study population / age- (cases).
standardised adjusted incidence rate
incidence rate of other study
compared to the population (or
incidence rate in a standard population)
standard population
12. Standardised mortality ratio Standardised Standardized SMR = observed Ratio, What is the difference SMR is a ratio of numbers of
(SMR) mortality ratio mortality ratio is the number of sometimes between SMR and CMF? deaths and comes from indirect
compares mortality to ratio of the observed deaths/number percentage (%) standardization, CMF is a ratio of
a standard population compared to the expected for a age-adjusted mortality rates
using indirect expected deaths due standard population from direct standardization.
standardisation to a specific disease
13. Standardised incidence ratio Standardised Standardized SIR = observed number Ratio, What is the difference SMR is about mortality (death)
(SIR) incidence ratio incidence ratio is the of cases/number sometimes between SMR and SIR? and SIR is about incidence
compares mortality to ratio of the observed expected for a percentage (%) (cases).
a standard population compared to the standard population
using indirect expected new cases
standardisation due to a specific
3
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