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Harper and Keele: Musculoskeletal: L6&7
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Lectures 6&7: Axial Joints
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Lecture 6: Joints (Axial)The Basics about Joints
1) Fibrous (synarthroses)
2) Cartilaginous (synchondroses, amphiarthroses)
3) Synovial (diarthroses)
Synchondroses - having the same function as cartilage
Synarthroses - having the same function as joints
Amphiarthroses - having features of both joints and cartilage
Dia(a)throses - proper or complete joints
1. Fibrous
a) Sutures
● No movement
● Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue
● Found in the skull (fissure/suture lines)
● Ossify with age
b) Syndesmoses - having the same function as ligaments
● A fibrous joint held together by ligaments
● Limited movement
● Joined by ligaments
● Examples:
○ Splint bone 3 Metacarpal bone in horses
○ Radius-ulna
c) Gomphosis - specific type of fibrous joint
● No movement
● Joined by dental ligament
● Example: tooth socket
2. Cartilaginous joints
● May also be known as fibrocartilaginous joints or synchondroses
○ Some movement (e.g. vertebrae)
, ○ Little to no movement (e.g. pubic and mandibular symphyses,
first sternocostal joint) - symphysis
○ Temporary (long bones - fusing and ossifying eventually) -
synchondroses
3. Synovial joints
● Found throughout the body
● Highly mobile, termed diarthrosis
● Specialized structures provide support to these joints
Components of Synovial Joints
1. Joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule
(filled with synovial fluid)
● Lubricates joint and facilitates
movement
2. Synovial membrane (inner part of the
capsule)
● Responsible for producing
synovial fluid
3. Articular cartilage (bone surface, hyaline)
● Very soft compared to periosteum
4. Fibrous layer of joint capsule
5. Periosteum (outside of bone)
6. Compact bone
Stabilisers: ligaments - fibrous connective
tissue and menisci
● Can take the form of simple fibrous tissues = ligaments or tendons (rarer)
● Have these in all synovial joints
● Meniscus = structure to help synovial joints
7 Types of Synovial Joints
Joint type Movement Examples
Plane (almost flat) Translation (sliding) Intervertebral
Hinge (ginglymus) Pendular Metacarpophalangeal,
elbow
Pivot (peg in a ring) Rotation Alantoaxial
, Condylar (condyles in the Flexion-extension and Stifle (femorotibial),
concave adjacent rotation temporomandibular
surfaces)
Ellipsoidal (ovoid in a Flexion-extension, Radiocarpal joint
cavity) abduction-adduction
Saddle (mix of Flexion-extension, Distal interphalangeal
convex-concave surfaces) Abduction-adduction, joint
Rotation
Spheroidal Almost all types of Coxofemoral joint,
(ball-and-socket) movement scapulohumeral joint
Synovial Connections Pained Her Brain Guaranteed
Synovial Condylar Pivot Hinge Ball and Socket Gliding
Summary
1. Fibrous
a) Sutures (skull bones)
b) Syndesmoses (radius-ulna)
c) Gomphosis (tooth socket)
2. Cartilaginous
a) Synchondroses (epiphyseal plates and hyoid apparatus)
b) Symphysis (mandible, pubic bone, intervertebral)
3. Synovial
● The rest of the body (almost)
● Seven types according to movement
Joints associated with the axial skeleton (9)
1. Sutures
2. Mandibular symphysis
3. Synchondroses hyoid apparatus - skull
4. Synovial temporomandibular joints (TMTJ)
5. Synovial occipital bone and C1
6. Cartilaginous intervertebral
7. Vertebra to rib
8. Rib to rib
9. Rib to sternum (sternocostal)
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