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Samenvatting Communicatiewetenschappen 1
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Duidelijke samenvatting over communicatiewetenschappen
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COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN I1. PARADIGMA........................................................................................................................ 11
1.1. ONTLEDING TERM ................................................................................................................. 11
1.2. PARADIGMA SHIFT ................................................................................................................ 11
1.3. MAINSTREAM PARADIGMA IN COMMWE. ................................................................................... 11
1.3.1. CONTEXT ..................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2. KENMERKEN: PERSPECTIEF .............................................................................................................. 11
1.3.3. INSPIRATIEBRONNEN ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.4. KRITIEKEN .................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4. ALTERNATIEVE KRITISCH PARADIGMA IN COMMWE........................................................................ 13
1.4.1. ANDER MENSBEELD + MAATSCHAPPIJBEELD ....................................................................................... 13
1.4.2. ALTERNATIEF? .............................................................................................................................. 13
1.4.3. ALTERNATIEF NA 1968? ................................................................................................................. 13
1.4.4. IDEOLOGIE.................................................................................................................................... 13
1.5. THEORIE ............................................................................................................................. 13
1.5.1. THEORETISCHE SCHOOL, STROMINGEN .............................................................................................. 13
1.5.2. DEDUCTIE (DEDUCTIEVE METHODE) .................................................................................................. 13
1.5.3. INDUCTIE (INDUCTIEVE METHODE) ................................................................................................... 13
1.5.4. WAAROM THEORIE? ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.6. CLASSIFICEREN V THEORIEVORMING........................................................................................... 14
1.6.1. PARADIGMA’S VORMEN BASIS VAN SOCIAALWETENSCHAPPELIJKE THEORIEVORMING ................................ 14
2. MACHT................................................................................................................................ 16
2.1. MEDIA, MACHT + ONGELIJKHEID ............................................................................................... 16
2.2. DOMINANTE MEDIA + PLURALISTISCHE MEDIA.............................................................................. 16
2.2.1. DOMINANTE MEDIA (DICHOTOMIE: STRUCTUUR-ORIËNTATIE)............................................................... 16
2.2.2. PLURALISTISCHE MEDIA (DICHOTOMIE: ACTIE-ORIËNTATIE)................................................................... 16
2.3. SOCIALE INTEGRATIE + IDENTITEIT ............................................................................................. 17
2.3.1. MEDIA-EFFECTEN .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.4. SOCIALE VERANDERING .......................................................................................................... 17
2.4.1. MEDIA, SOCIALE VERANDERING + ONTWIKKELING ............................................................................... 17
2.5. DUBBELE DIMENSIE V MEDIA.................................................................................................... 17
2.5.1. DUBBELE DIMENSIE OF AARD V MEDIA.............................................................................................. 17
2.5.2. DUBBELE DIMENSIE V MEDIA: TYPOLOGIE (ROSENGREN) ...................................................................... 18
2.6. TIJD + RUIMTE...................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.1. RUIMTE ....................................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.2. TIJD............................................................................................................................................. 18
2.7. VOORBEELD VE EXAMENVRAAG ................................................................................................ 19
3. MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS........................................................................................................... 20
3.1. MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS: SOCIALE GESCHIEDENIS .............................................................................. 20
3.2. MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS: COMPLEXE AANGELEGENHEID ...................................................................... 20
3.2.1. MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS VERWERVEN MET ALGEMENE GESCHIEDENIS ......................................................... 20
3.2.2. LONGUE DURÉE ............................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.3. GEVAAR V STRIKTE PERIODISERING ................................................................................................... 20
,3.3. MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS: WAAR BEGINNEN ..................................................................................... 20
3.4. MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS: (R)EVOLUTIE ........................................................................................... 20
3.4.1. WANNEER EVOLUTIE OOK REVOLUTIE ............................................................................................... 20
3.5. ORALE CULTUUR: GESPROKEN TAAL ........................................................................................... 21
3.6. SCHRIFTELIJKE CULTUUR.......................................................................................................... 21
3.6.1. ONTWIKKELINGEN IN SOFTWARE/HARDWARE .................................................................................... 21
3.6.2. MAATSCHAPPELIJK IMPLICATIES ....................................................................................................... 22
3.7. PRINT ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.7.1. GUTENBERG (MAINZ, CA 1450): GUTENBERGBIJBEL........................................................................... 22
3.8. KENMERKEN PRINTCULTUUR .................................................................................................... 22
3.8.1. MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT PRINTCULTUUR .................................................................................... 22
3.8.2. DAGBLADPERS: ORIGINES................................................................................................................ 23
3.8.3. DAGBLADPERS: EERSTE KRANTEN ..................................................................................................... 23
3.8.4. DAGBLADPERS: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT .................................................................................... 23
3.8.5. DAGBLADPERS: VERDERE EVOLUTIE .................................................................................................. 24
3.8.6. DAGBLADPERS: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT (2) ............................................................................... 24
3.9. FOTOGRAFIE: ORIGINES .......................................................................................................... 24
3.9.1. INITIËLE ONTWIKKELINGEN .............................................................................................................. 24
3.9.2. FOTOGRAFIE: DOORBRAAK + MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT .................................................................. 24
3.10. FILM: ORIGINES .................................................................................................................. 25
3.10.1. ONTSTAAN (2E HELFT 19E EEUW) ................................................................................................... 25
3.10.2. FILM: EERSTE EVOLUTIES............................................................................................................... 25
3.10.3. FILM: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 25
3.11. TELECOMMUNICATIE ............................................................................................................ 25
3.11.1. TELEGRAFIE: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT ...................................................................................... 26
3.11.2. TELEFONIE: ORIGINES + CONTEXT ................................................................................................... 26
3.12. REGISTRATIE V GELUID.......................................................................................................... 26
3.12.1. MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT........................................................................................................ 26
3.13. RADIO: ORIGINES ................................................................................................................ 27
3.13.1. RADIO: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT ............................................................................................. 27
3.14. TELEVISIE: ORIGINES ............................................................................................................ 27
3.14.1. TELEVISIE: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT ......................................................................................... 27
3.15. DIGITALE COMMUNICATIE: ORIGINES ....................................................................................... 28
3.15.1. DIGITALE COMMUNICATIE: MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT ................................................................... 28
3.16. BESLUIT MEDIAGESCHIEDENIS................................................................................................. 28
3.16.1. CONSTANTEN ............................................................................................................................. 28
3.16.2. VARIATIE TSS MEDIA, GEOGRAFISCH, IN TIJD..................................................................................... 28
4. VOORLOPERS VD COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN ........................................................... 29
4.1. BEGIN ................................................................................................................................ 29
4.1.1. DUITSLAND .................................................................................................................................. 29
4.1.2. EUROPA ....................................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.3. USA ............................................................................................................................................ 29
4.2. MULTIDISCIPLINAIRE BASIS ...................................................................................................... 30
4.2.1. COMMUNICATIE = ONDERZOEKSVOORWERP ...................................................................................... 30
4.3. CONTEXT MASSACOMMUNICATIE-ONDERZOEK BEGIN 20E EEUW ....................................................... 30
4.3.1. HISTORISCH KADER = BELANGRIJK VOOR BEGRIP OPKOMST MASSACOMMUNICATIE-ONDERZOEK................. 30
4.4. MASSACOMMUNICATIE ........................................................................................................ 30
4.4.1. MASSA ........................................................................................................................................ 30
4.4.2. MASSAMEDIA ............................................................................................................................... 30
,5. MASSAMAATCHAPPIJ .......................................................................................................... 31
5.1. CONTEXT MASSAMAATSCHAPPIJTHEORIE .................................................................................... 31
5.1.1. ORTEGA Y GASSET ......................................................................................................................... 31
5.2. INSPIRATIE UIT SOCIOLOGIE ..................................................................................................... 31
5.2.1. = TONNIËS: GEMEINSCHAFT VS GESELLLSCHAFT ................................................................................. 31
5.2.2. DRUKHEIM ................................................................................................................................... 31
5.3. INSPIRATIE UIT PSYCHOLOGIE ................................................................................................... 32
5.3.1. STIMULUS-RESPONS TOEGEPAST OP COMM. ...................................................................................... 32
5.3.2. PSYCHOANALYSE — FREUD, BEGIN 20E EEUW .................................................................................... 32
5.4. MASSAMAATSCHAPPIJTHEORIE ................................................................................................ 32
5.4.1. CENTRAAL CONCEPT MASSA ............................................................................................................ 32
5.4.2. GROTE MACHT V MEDIA ALS SYMBOOL .............................................................................................. 32
5.5. MASSAMAATSCHAPPIJTHEORIE: BASISASSUMPTIES (!!) .................................................................. 33
5.5.1. BASISASSUMPTIES OVER MEDIA ....................................................................................................... 33
5.5.2. KRITIEKEN .................................................................................................................................... 33
5.5.3. ACTUELE RELEVANTIE ..................................................................................................................... 33
5.6. MODERNE MASSAMAATSCHAPPIJDENKBEELDEN ........................................................................... 34
5.7. MASSAMAATSCHAPPIJTHEORIE: SLOTBESCHOUWING ..................................................................... 34
5.8. VOORBEELD VE EXAMENVRAAG ................................................................................................ 34
6. PROPAGANDA ..................................................................................................................... 35
6.1. PROPAGANDA OP 1E ZICHT ...................................................................................................... 35
6.1.1. HAROLD LASSWELL ........................................................................................................................ 35
6.1.2. KRITISCHE PROPAGANDASTUDIES ..................................................................................................... 36
6.2. OPKOMST VE NIEUW PROPAGANDA ........................................................................................... 37
7. INSTITUONALISERING VD COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN ............................................... 38
7.1. FOUNDING FATHERS: HAROLD LASSWELL .................................................................................... 38
7.2. FOUNDING FATHERS: PAUL LAZARSFELD ..................................................................................... 38
7.3. FOUNDING FATHERS: KURT LEWIN ............................................................................................ 38
7.4. FOUNDING FATHERS: CARL HOVLAND ........................................................................................ 38
7.5. “NIEUWE DISCIPLINE”: DOMINANTE MAINSTREAM PARADIGMA ....................................................... 38
7.6. BASIS VH ALTERNATIEVE KRITISCHE PARADIGMA ........................................................................... 39
7.6.1. ADMINISTRATIEF VS KRITISCH ONDERZOEK ......................................................................................... 39
7.7. COMMUNICATIEMODELLEN ..................................................................................................... 39
7.7.1. COMMUNICATIEMODEL: LASSWELL (1948) ....................................................................................... 40
7.7.2. COMMUNICATIEMODEL: SHANNON & WEAVER (1949) ...................................................................... 40
8. COMMUNICATIEPROCES ...................................................................................................... 41
8.1. COMMUNICATOR .................................................................................................................. 41
8.2. BOODSCHAP ........................................................................................................................ 41
8.2.1. VERSCHILLENDE NIVEAUS VD BOODSCHAP.......................................................................................... 41
8.3. ENCODEREN/DECODEREN ....................................................................................................... 41
8.4. TRANSMISSIE, KANAAL + MEDIUM............................................................................................. 42
8.4.1. TRANSMISSIE ................................................................................................................................ 42
, 8.4.2. KANAAL ....................................................................................................................................... 42
8.4.3. MEDIUM...................................................................................................................................... 42
8.5. RUIS .................................................................................................................................. 42
8.5.1. VERSCHILLENDE VORMEN V RUIS ...................................................................................................... 42
8.6. VOORBEELD VE EXAMENVRAAG ................................................................................................ 42
8.7. ONTVANGER........................................................................................................................ 43
8.7.1. PASSIEF OF ACTIEF ........................................................................................................................ 43
8.7.2. REDUCEREN V RUIS DOOR COMPENSATIE ........................................................................................... 43
8.7.3. PERCIPIEERT + SELECTEERT .............................................................................................................. 43
9. COMMUNICATIEMODELLEN ................................................................................................. 44
9.1. COMMUNICATIEMODEL BALANSMODEL: ABX-MODEL V NEWCOMB (1953) ................................... 44
9.2. COMMUNICATIEMODEL SCHRAMM (1954) ................................................................................. 44
9.3. COMMUNICATIEMODEL V GERBNER (1956) ................................................................................ 44
9.4. COMMUNICATIEMODEL PROCESMODEL V OOMKES (1986) ......................................................... 45
9.5. VERSCHILLENDE VISIES OP COMMUNICATIEPROCES ........................................................................ 45
9.5.1. TRANSMISSIEMODELLEN ................................................................................................................. 45
9.5.2. RITUELE EXPRESSIEVE MODELLEN ..................................................................................................... 45
9.5.3. PUBLICITEITSMODELLEN ................................................................................................................. 46
9.5.4. RECEPETIEMODELLEN ..................................................................................................................... 46
9.6. COMMUNICATIEMODELLEN: BESLUIT ......................................................................................... 47
9.6.1. VAN LINEAIRE MODELLEN................................................................................................................ 47
9.6.2. NAAR NIET-LINEAIRE, CYCLISCHE EN INTER/TRANSACTIONELE MODELLEN ................................................ 47
10. MAINSTREAMPARADIGMA ................................................................................................ 48
10.1. GROEI VH MAINSTREAMPARADIGMA ....................................................................................... 48
10.1.1. MULTIDISCIPLINAIRE VOEDINGSBODEM ........................................................................................... 48
10.1.2. NAOORLOGSE CONTEXT ................................................................................................................ 48
10.2. FUNCTIONALISME + FUNCTIONALISTISCHE MEDIATHEORIE ............................................................. 48
10.2.1. FUNCTIONALISME ........................................................................................................................ 48
10.2.2. FUNCTIONALISTISCHE MEDIATHEORIE ............................................................................................. 49
10.2.3. FUNCTIONALISME + FUNCTIONALISTISCHE MEDIATHEORIE: KRITIEKEN .................................................. 50
10.3. ACTIEGERICHTE BENADERINGEN .............................................................................................. 51
10.3.1. INSPIRATIE UIT SOCIOLOGIE ........................................................................................................... 51
10.3.2. SYMBOLISCHE INTERACTIONISME ................................................................................................... 51
10.3.3. FENOMENOLOGIE ........................................................................................................................ 52
10.3.4. ACTIEGERICHTE BENADERINGEN: CONCLUSIE .................................................................................... 52
10.4. CONGRUENTIETHEORIE ......................................................................................................... 53
10.4.1. INSPIRATIE UIT PSYCHOLOGIE......................................................................................................... 53
10.4.2. COGNITIEVE DISSONANTIETHEORIE (L. FESTINGER) ............................................................................ 53
10.4.3. KRITIEKEN (D.D. SEARS EN W. MCGUIRE) ...................................................................................... 53
10.5. MAINSTREAM PARADIGMA: OP MEDIA GEFOCUSTE THEORIEËN....................................................... 53
10.5.1. FOCUS OP MEDIA EFFECTEN IN MAINSTREAMPARADIGMA .................................................................. 53
11. ALTERNATIEVE KRITISCH PARADIGMA ................................................................................ 59
11.1. ALTERNATIEVE KRITISCHE PARADIGMA: ALGEMENE KENNIS ............................................................ 59
11.2. MARXISTISCHE UITGANGSPUNTEN ........................................................................................... 59
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